Investing in Research A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989) / Chapter Skim
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A Public and Private Sector Programs and Funding Trends
A Public and Private Sector Programs and Funding Trends
Pages 95-127
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expenditures by agency and area of science. The second section surveys 1989 budget authority levels of USDA agencies and recent expenditure levels, trends, and priorities by major mission within USDA.
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Itis noteworthy that the two science and technology fields that have experienced large declines in relative research shares-agriculture and engineering are the two areas most closely tied to the economic performance of several major sectors of the economy. Support for agricultural research throughout the 1980s was constrained by several factors.
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Congress was compelled to rapidly and markedly increase farm income support payments, despite a growing national budget deficit and progressively tight fiscal constraints. Farm credit end disaster relief programs became much more costly, and a major new soil conservation program began to push erosion control expenditures upward sharply in the FY 1987 budget.
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· In FY 1980 the $841 million spent on research and education programs constituted 3.4 percent of the USDA total budget and 24.3 percent of total farm price and income support payments; in 1987 the $1.127 billion spent on research and education accounted for 2.2 percent of the total USDA budget and 4.4 percent of farm price and income support expenditures. OVERVIEW OF THE PUBLICLY FUNDED R&D SYSTEM Agricultural, food, and environmental research is undertaken in all 50 states in a variety of public institutions and in thousands of laboratories, field stations, and other facilities.
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The distinctions between basic and applied disciplines often are not clear; some scientists working in applied disciplines are carrying out basic research, and some scientists counted in basic disciplines are conducting applied research.) The publicly funded agricultural research system has three principal missions: undergraduateandgraduate teaching, research and technology development, and extension education activities.
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the state agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension services, which are funded in part by USDA but most substantially by state and county govemments. Federal and state government agencies have worked in partnership over the years to establish, develop, and create partnerships across these institutions.
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In Federal Obligations for Total Research and Development by Maior Agency and Performer: Fiscal Years 1980 and 1988. Washington D.C.: Division of Science Resources Studies, National Science Foundation.
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Forest Service Small community and rural development Farmers Home Administration Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Rural Electrification Administration Food and consumer services Food and Nutrition Service Section 32 Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program Human Nutrition Information Service Marketing and inspection services Federal Grain Inspection Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Food Safety Inspection Service Agncultural Cooperative Service Agricultural Marketing Service Office of Transportation Packers and Stockyards Adminis~a~on Economics Economic Research Service National Agncultural Statistics Service World Agricultural Outlook Board Administration Office of the Secretary DeparOmental Adminis~aiion Office of Budget and Program Analysis $559,493 352,019 357,963 12,194 1,289,179 92,217 11,081,280 10,008 1,059,596 686,871 2,475,102 15,231,451 428,523 1,294,834 20,169,558 366,742 50,000 8,623 7,020 336,615 393,052 4,611 121,500 2,397 9,402 48,277 61,341 1,730 5,710 20,664 4,252 $584,402 340,917 361,370 13,268 2,011,722 95,417 15,103,925 10,254 1,098,100 704,597 3,184,462 13,786,438 313,992 1,605,833 20,437,080 405,873 170,000 8,823 8,115 338,753 406,004 4,655 125,794 2,397 9,562 49,536 63,788 1,820 $604,618 295,398 324,840 14,947 1,228,791 98,620 12,548,818 8,918 723,279 631,950 2,511,389 10,799,582 388,565 129,460 20,290,640 522,746 120,000 9,468 8,255 284,872 423,949 2,303 119,475 1,395 9,562 51,914 71,238 2,045 5,953 6,115 21,533 22,500 4,389 4,554 Table AN continues
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It collects and maintains a number of historical data series on farm type, size, and number; production and input levels; trade; effects of farm policy; and socioeconomic characteristics of rural areas of the United States. The ERS also provides key statistical and analytical support to both the executive and the legislative branches of the federal government.
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, to management of wildlife and ecosystems and several engineering and design specialties. State Agricultural Experiment Stations The state arm of the publicly funded agricultural research system is composed of 50 land-grant universities, each of which has a state agricultural experiment station.
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As a result, this component of the public research system is becoming more heterogeneous than it once was. Funding for research comes from federal formula funds that require one-for-one matching funds by states, as well as additional state appropriations made to the state agricultural experiment stations.
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Soil Conservation Service Food Safety Inspection Service Agricultural Marketing Service Federal Grain Inspection Service Human Nutrition Information Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Research on soil erosion prediction equations and improved conservation systems. Research on hazard evaluation methods in meat and poultry plants; improved rapid assay methods for pathogens and chemical contaminants.
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1989a. 1990 Budget Summary.
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Three percent of funds appropriated under the Hatch Act is set aside for federal administration, which includes disbursement of funds and a continuous review and evaluation of the research programs of the state agricultural experiment stations supported wholly or in part from Hatch Act funds. USDA's Cooperative State Research Service encourages and assists in the establishment of research linkages and partnerships within and between the states and actively participates in the planning and coordinating of research programs between the states and the department at the regional and national IQVQIS.
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Combined USDA Funding Trends Agricultural Research Service and formula funds to state agricultural experiment stations have accounted for most USDA support for food and agricultural research. Since 1955, the relative share of USDA research expenditures through ARS has fallen from well over SO percept to less than40 percept.
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6090140185 SOURCE: Adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research Service.
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Farm Marketing Government Total State Income Payments Income Alabama$2,148,055$125,228$2,273,283 Alaska29,4342,37831,812 Arizona1,780,77097,3381,878,108 Arkansas3,143,394397,6443,541,038 California15,521,832462,01115,983,843 Colorado3,191,446341,9913,533,437 Connecticut365,8334,517370,350 Delaware484,55112,176496,727 Florida5,226,99842,5325,269,530 Georgia3,086,887245,1843,332,071 Hawaii558,502377558,879 Idaho2,046,522234,3732,280,895 Illinois6,174,4771,477,6407,652,117 Indiana3,872,363670,2444,542,607 Iowa8,780,2691,987,68510,767,954 Kansas5,721,509966,3206,687,829 Kentucky2,418,611178,3382,596,949 Louisiana1,419,707209,2991,629,006 Maine413,2588,110421,368 Malyland1,127,79948,9631,176,762 Massachusetts392,6564,833397,489 Michigan2,503,884391,1432,895,027 Minnesota5,809,2651,193,8457,003,110 Mississippi1,979,027302,5382,281,565 Missouri3,690,604489,8004,180,404 Montana1,347,409352,3301,699,739 Nebraska6,823,0531,274,8438,097,896 Nevada243,1803,887247,067 New Hampshire103,8772,808106,685 New Jersey562,96311,386574,349 Table A.16 continues 119
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120 TABLE A.16 (Continued) State Fann Marketing Government Income Payments Total Income New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total $1,147,261 2,5263500 3,715,190 2,308,102 3,421,774 2,752,219 1,860,740 3,224,220 75,305 931,155 2,722,648 1,932,695 9,086,482 596,083 412,378 1,692,179 2,841,424 220,937 5,016,983 641,996 $138,094,406 $93,346 109,304 190,172 719,783 431,877 362,769 127,438 71,766 119 114,086 504,827 156,745 1,441,175 44,513 7,067 87,285 292,170 10,584 405,969 35,976 $16,746,732 $1940,607 2,635,804 3,905,362 3,027,885 3,853,651 3,114,988 1,988,178 3,295,986 75,424 1,045,241 3,227,475 2,089,440 10,527,657 640,596 419,445 1,779,464 3,133,594 231,521 5,422,952 677,972 $154,841,138 SOURCE: Adapted from U.S.
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124 TABLE A.18 Research Funding Sources as a Percentage of Total Farm Income, by State INVESTING IN RESEARCH Special Competitive State Total Formula Research Research Appropri- CSRS State Funding Grants Grants ations Funds Alabama 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.62 0.32 Alaska 3.66 0.00 0.02 7.70 3.84 Arizona 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.83 0.41 Arkansas 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.43 0.17 California 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.56 0.09 Colorado 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.11 Connecticut 0.47 0.06 0.05 1.78 0.60 Delaware 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.37 Florida 0.08 0.02 0.03 1.03 0.13 Georgia 0.18 0.05 0.04 1.19 0.28 Hawaii 0.22 0.01 0.46 1.49 2.07 Idaho 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.43 0.13 Illinois 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.17 0.13 Indiana 0.10 0.03 0.01 0.38 0.14 Iowa 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.17 0.12 Kansas 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.24 0.11 Kentucky 0.24 0.02 0.02 0.55 0.28 Louisiana 0.27 0.02 0.04 1.32 0.33 Maine 0.49 0.02 0.04 0.96 0.56 Maryland 0.26 0.11 0.02 0.90 0.42 Massachusetts 0.54 0.47 0.24 0.93 1.25 Michigan 0.17 0.09 0.08 0.69 0.35 Minnesota 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.48 0.10 Mississippi 0.24 0.00 0.29 0.75 0.60 Missouri 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.30 0.19 Montana 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.48 0.15 Nebraska 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.15 0.06 Nevada 0.44 0.04 0.00 1.32 0 51 New Hampshire 1.38 0.11 0.02 1.97 1.56 New Jersey 0.44 0.10 0.10 1.65 0.65 New Mexico 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.50 0.19 New York 0.20 0.12 0.04 1.42 0.37 North Carolina 0.21 0.05 0.01 1.02 0.28 North Dakota 0.07 0.00 0.10 0.38 0.44 Ohio 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.59 0.18 Table A.18 continues
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16. For example, Wyoming received formula funds equal to 0.22 percent of the value of state farm income.
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Agency 1955 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 ARS 178.96 478.5 419.5 392.5 422.4 432.4 420.2 CSRS 92.6 156.3 164.0 177.9 219.5 136.7 119.7 U.S. Forest Service 35.4 126.0 119.5 135.8 113.2 100.1 102.0 ERS 22.79 39.8 44.2 43.4 41.5 41.0 37.9 Total 329.75 800.6 747.2 749.6 796.6 710.2 679.8 NOTE: ARS, Agricultural Research Service; CSRS, Cooperative State Research Service; ERS, Economic Research Service.
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