Film Badge Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests (1989) / Chapter Skim
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6 Uncertainty Analysis By Individual Test Series
6 Uncertainty Analysis By Individual Test Series
Pages 80-185
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From page 80... ...
Relatively large radiological-spectrum bias and uncertainty values resulted when film badges used during some test operations were analyzed. These badges generally had an insufficient thickness of filter material and were used during the earlier operations.
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From page 82... ...
Type of Film Badge A special film badge was used at Project TRINITY and was not used in any subsequent operations. The badge contained two film packets that were placed side by side in a brass holder.
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From page 83... ...
The poor agreement that often occurred between the two D-2 films aggravated the problem. Badge Issue and Exchange Badges were generally issued at the test site.
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From page 84... ...
Estimated Bias and Uncertainty The following table presents bias and uncertainties that result from different influences on film badge performance. These values are appropriate for exposures ranging from approximately 0.2 R to 3 R
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From page 85... ...
For the reasons presented above and the fact that the D-2 films were not always used, the uncertainty of the bias estimate is larger than that for lower exposures. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deem dose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the TRINITY series.
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From page 86... ...
3.0 - 15 0.43 E (0.22 E, 0.86 E) where E is the film badge exposure (To Discontinuity attributable to use of Type D-2 film for exposures above 3 R
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From page 87... ...
Accordingly, the number of film badges issued for ABLE decreased from 1,627 on 1 July to none on 7 July, with a total during this time interval of 2,132 (Berkhouse et al.
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From page 88... ...
About 15% of the Navy personnel in the task force were issued at least one badge sometime during the test series. The largest number of badges issued to one person (a Rad-Safe monitor)
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From page 89... ...
Recent evaluation of available film badges from that test series indicates substantial film darkening due to environmental damage. This darkening may have been difficult to separate from the density produced by radiation at the low densities typical of most of the films in the archives.
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From page 90... ...
At this level of exposure, the uncertainty in the exposure deduced from the net film density is larger than this apparent inconsistency. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and range of deep-dose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the CROSSROADS series.
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From page 91... ...
>0.20 0.67 E (0.37 E, 1.20 E) where E is the film badge exposure ~)
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From page 92... ...
One of these ships was the USS Bairoko, on which the photodosimetry section was based that had responsibility for film badge processing and interpretation throughout the test series. About 2800 persons were badged (REECo 1988~.
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From page 93... ...
The procedures for identifying film badges with individuals to whom they were issued were careful and thorough, though the personnel in charge recommended that future film badges receive identification numbers readable both on the developed film and on the outside of the packet to further simplify the record-keeping process. Current Availability of Records A number of the detailed calibration records are still available for both the type K and type A films.
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From page 94... ...
The other radiological contributions and the environmental effects are similar to those in other well controlled test series. The bias and uncertainty in conversion of exposure to dose are assigned the values used throughout this report.
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From page 95... ...
in excess of the mission maximum of 3 R were reported for only 1 1 individuals. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deem dose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the SANDSTONE series.
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From page 96... ...
OPERATION RANGER Background RANGER was the first test series at Me Nevada Test site CUTS)
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From page 97... ...
Badge Issue and Exchange Film badges were issued to all participants who entered radiation areas and to Air Force personnel at Nellis Air Force Base (AFB) , at Las Vegas, Nevada, and Kinland AFT\, at Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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From page 98... ...
Both of these lists apparently were derived from two Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory "Inter-Office Memorandum" listings titled "Expo sores of Personnel Film Badges from the Nevada Tests" from Martha L Starner, H-I Monitoring Section, to Thomas L
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From page 99... ...
Otherwise, good procedures employed by well-trained LASL personnel and short exposure periods in a relatively dry environment result in minimal bias and uncertainties for other sources of these values. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deepdose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the RANGER series.
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From page 100... ...
OPERATION GREENHOUSE Background Operation GREENHOUSE was the fifth atomic weapon test series and the third to be conducted in the Pacific. It was the second operation occurring in the Enewetak Atoll area, following Operation SANDSTONE by three years.
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From page 101... ...
Task Unit 3.1.5 provided technical RadSafe support and film badge monitoring service, assisted by health physicists from the national nuclear weapons laboratories. Personnel Exposed Approximately 9,350 people participated in the operation and film badges were issued to 3,335 people (Cooney 1951~.
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From page 102... ...
Badge Issue and Exchange Film badges were issued from the Rad-Safe building on Parry Island. A few badges were issued on Kwajelein to Air Force cloud-sampling pilots and ground crews servicing contaminated aircraft.
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From page 103... ...
Discrepancies between film badges and pocket ionization chambers were ascribed to this carelessness or to poor technician training. A Weston model 877 densitometer was used to evaluate the films (Cooney 1951~.
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From page 104... ...
No bias appears to have been introduced, but the uncertainties in the estimates are much higher than other test series. Estimated Bias (B)
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From page 105... ...
Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deem dose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge~readings in the GREENHOUSE series. Film badge readings above 0.2 R may be converted by multiplying by the factors in the last line of the table, which were obtained from the overall bias and uncertainty factors for GREENHOUSE given above.
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From page 106... ...
Desert Rock Troop maneuvers were conducted after some of the tests. The first test device was on a 100-foot tower, and the resulting yield was less than 0.1 kt.
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From page 107... ...
Environmental damage did not appear to be a problem during BUSTERJANGLE. Film badges were issued for short periods of time, seldom more than one day.
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From page 108... ...
member film badges were issued on D-1 (day prior to test) at Camp Desert Rock and collected on D-day in the forward area prior to return to camp.
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From page 109... ...
Desert Rock roster sheets were used to issue film badges and show exposure results. Each sheet had a date and columns for Name, Rank, ASN (Army Serial Number)
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From page 110... ...
Spectrum bias of 1.3 and uncertainty of 1.3 are higher than for some test series because brass and cadmium filters used were only 0.020 inches thick compared to the 0.028 inch-thick lead filter later determined to be optimum for maintaining reasonably uniform response over a wide range of
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From page 111... ...
Environmental bias of 1.0 and uncertainty of 1.1 reflect moderate environmental conditions in Nevada during the fall of 1951 and usual film badge wearing periods of only one day. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deem dose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the BUSTER-JANGLE series.
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From page 112... ...
The eight test shots are summarized in the following table: Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER Events Event Date Type Yield(kt) ABLE 4/01/52 Airdrop 1 BAKER 4/15/52 Airdrop 1 CHARLIE 4/22/52 Airdrop 31 DOG 5/01/52 Airdrop 19 EASY 5/07/52 Tower 12 FOX 5/25/52 Tower 11 GEORGE 6/01/52 Tower 15 HOW 6/05/52 Tower 14 The test series had two purposes, to advance the development of nuclear weapons and to train troops in tactical nuclear warfare.
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From page 113... ...
The DNA historical report on TUMBLER-SNAPPER indicates that about 10,600 Department of Defense personnel were issued film badges at Camp Desert Rock, two miles south of the NPG main entrance, and these additional personnel participated in Desert Rock troop maneuvers or as observers after some of the nuclear detonations (Ponton and Maag 1982 a,b, Ponton et al.
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From page 114... ...
These were described by Gwynn (1952) as follows: "Film badges were calibrated and processed by standard techniques daily and made available by 0800 hours the following day to provide the director of Rad-Safe with the cumulative doses prior to the re-entry of persons into a contaminated area." The Rad-Safe Group consisted of one officer plus 18 enlisted men, working in two shifts day and night to issue and process all films.
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From page 115... ...
No processed type 1290 films were found.) Current Availability of Records Most film badges, some dosimetry log sheets, and most exposure rosters for bow NPG and Desert Rock participants are available in REECo archives at Las Vegas, Nevada.
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From page 116... ...
For Operation TI3MBLER-SNAPPER - (Ground Personnel) Source B K Laboratory 1.0 1.2 Radiological Spectrum 1.5 1.3 Wearing 0.8 1.2 Backscatter 1.1 1.1 Combined Radiological 1.3 1.4 Environmental 1.2 - 1.2 Overall (Exposure)
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From page 117... ...
the bias is taken to be about 30% since both badges were worn and the readings were averaged. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following two tables give deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deepdose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the TUMBLER-SNAPPER series.
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From page 118... ...
For individual badge readings in the overlap region (10 - 15 R) , the reported loss of accuracy would result in a slight increase in the span of the 95% confidence limits, represented by the substitution of multiplication factors of 0.26 and 0.86.
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From page 119... ...
, the reported loss of accuracy would result in a slight increase in the span of the 95% confidence limits, represented by the substitution of multiplication factors of 0.32 and 0.96. However, there appear to be no individual badge readings in this overlap region for Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER.
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From page 120... ...
Personnel Exposed The highest exposure was received by an individual performing a search and rescue mission in response to a lost cloud-sampling aircraft following the MIKE test. Type of Film Badge The film badge used at Operation IVY consisted of a Du Pont Type 558 film packet with a 0.020-inch (0.508 millimeter)
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From page 121... ...
One of these badges consisted of the Du Pont Type 553 packet enclosed in the standard Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory film badge holder. This holder provided on both sides a brass fluter, 0.020 inch (0.508 millimeters)
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From page 122... ...
Estimated Bias and Uncertainty Bias and uncertainty for factors influencing film badge performance for ground personnel and for flight personnel are listed in the following tables. This information is appropriate for exposures of about 0.2 R and above.
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From page 123... ...
For Operation IVY (Ground Personnel) 123 r Source B K Laboratory 1.0 1.3 Radiological Spectrum 1.3 1.3 Wearing 0.S 1.2 Backscatter 1.1 - 1.1 Combined Radiological 1.1 1.4 Environmental 1.0 1.1 Overall (Exposure)
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From page 124... ...
However, review of performance information for these badges suggests that their bias and uncertainties were not significantly different from the standard badge as it was used during Operation IVY. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following two tables give deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deepdose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the IVY series.
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From page 125... ...
, the reported loss of accuracy would result in a slight increase in the span of the 95% confidence limits, represented by the substitution of multiplication factors of 0.38 and 1.17. There appeared to be very few individual badge readings in this overlap region for Operation IVY (ground personnel)
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From page 126... ...
For individual badge readings in the overlap region (10 - 15 R) , the reported loss of accuracy would result in a slight increase in the span of the 95% confidence limits, represented by the substitution of multiplication factors of 0.43 and 1.19.
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From page 127... ...
. About 4,000 military and civilian participants received film badges, with the highest recorded exposure the NTS personnel received amounting to less than 10 R
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From page 128... ...
There is no indication from later reports or documents that this polyethylene holder was in fact used; rather the available evidence suggests that only the bare film packets with the lead strip were used. Badge Issue and Exchange Issuance and processing of the film badges for the Exercise Desert Rock V was the responsibility of the military, specifically the 9778th Radiological Safety Support Unit (RSSU)
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From page 129... ...
With the exception of exercise Desert Rock V, processing of film badges collected during the day was carried out each night in the Film Badge Processing Laboratory in the Rad-Safe Building under the direction of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Based on the fragmentary data available, readout was apparently performed with an Ansco Model 475 densitometer and was limited to the portion of the film under the lead skip; five distinct areas under the lead strip were read by the densitometer.
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From page 130... ...
Energy dependence may introduce a bias into the interpretation of film badges exposed in the field when compared with calibration exposures made under laboratory conditions to the photon field from cobalt 60. The somewhat lower photon energy distribution in the field, approximately equivalent to an effective photon energy of 0.7 Mev, would produce slightly less darkening (i.e., net optical density)
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From page 131... ...
1.1 1.5 Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deepdose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE series. Film badge readings above 0.2 R may be converted by multiplying by the factors in the last line of the table, which were obtained from the overall bias and uncertainty factors for UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE given above.
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From page 132... ...
, the reported loss of accuracy would result- in a slight increase in the span of the 95% confidence limits, represented by the substitution of multiplication factors of 0.55 and 1.51. There appear to be a few individual badge readings in this overlap region for Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE.
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From page 133... ...
Of the approximately 12,700 participants in the test series, there were approximately 10,900 personnel who were badged. Personnel expected to be exposed to radiation were initially badged, but several unbadged personnel received significant radiation doses.
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From page 134... ...
Limitations of this film badge are presented in Chapter IV of this report. Of importance for this test series are the several exposures which were determined to occur in the overlap range of the two films (10 - 15 R)
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From page 135... ...
Film badge processing laboratories were air-conditioned. Film badges were to have been stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F.
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From page 136... ...
1.0 2.1 Conversion to Deep-Dose Equivalent 1.3 1.2 Overall (Deep-Dose Equivalent) 1.3 2.1 Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deepdose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the CASTLE series.
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From page 137... ...
For individual badge readings in the overlap region (10 - 15 R) , the reported loss of accuracy would result in a slight increase in the span of 95% confidence limits, represented by the substitution of multiplication factors of 0.34 and 1.76.
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From page 138... ...
Dosimetry was carried out by the 1st NTS and Desert Rock Radiological Safety Support Unit. About 15,000 film packets were used by onsite personnel and 3,264 were used by Air Force personnel stationed at supporting air bases.
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From page 139... ...
The statistical variability of the film badge system was evaluated prior to the start of the operation by selecting one film packet from each box of 100 and exposing it to a predetermined level of 1, 20, or 47 R using a cobalt 60 source reported as standardized by the NBS as having an output of 1.01 R/h + 10% at a distance of 1 meter. The total number of film badges used in this study was 327, about half of which were exposed at the lowest exposure level.
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From page 140... ...
Thus, there was inadequate overlap in the ranges of the two film components. Film badges were stored under refrigeration at a temperature of 40°F and removed from storage as needed.
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From page 141... ...
Exposure was reported in milliroentgen and should be reasonably representative of the exposures from photon radiations, as the lead strip should provide approximately constant NOD per unit exposure for photon energies as low as about 70 keV up to about 2 MeV. A few individuals associated with the University of California Radiation Laboratory (now Lawrence
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From page 142... ...
The discussion of uncertainty provided for VPSHOT-KNOTHOLE is also applicable to TEAPOT; the estimated bias and uncertainty factors for TEAPOT are summarized in the table below. There is nothing in the available records to suggest that calibration, processing, readout, or other laboratory procedures were inadequate or improperly carried out, or were responsible for the introduction of a measurement bias.
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From page 143... ...
1.1 1.5 Application of Bias and Uncertainb The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deepdose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the TEAPOT series. Film badge readings above 0.2 R may be converted by multiplying by the factors in the last line of the table, which were obtained from the overall bias and uncertainty factors for TEAPOT given above.
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From page 144... ...
For individual badge readings in the overlap region (10 - IS R) , the reported loss of accuracy would result in a slight increase in the span of the 95% confidence limits, represented by the substitution of multiplication factors of 0.55 and l.Sl.
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From page 145... ...
Of the 25,000 films prepared for the operation, 10,124 were used. The United States Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory was responsible for the film badge dosimetry quality control.
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From page 146... ...
1.3 1.5 Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deem dose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the WIGWAM series. Film badge readings above 0.2 R may be converted by multiplying by the factors in the last line of the table, which were obtained from the overall bias and uncertainty factors for WIGWAM given above.
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From page 147... ...
>0.20 0.77 E (0.51 E, 1.15 E) where E is the film badge exposure (fig There would have been increased uncertainty in the range 10 - 15 R
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From page 148... ...
Not Announced The purpose of the series was to test high-yield fusion devices that could not be tested at the Nevada Test Site. Observers from the press and Civil Defense Officials observed the first two detonations.
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From page 149... ...
. This was the first test series in the PPG in which all personnel were monitored for radiation exposure.
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From page 150... ...
Daily batch-control film dosimeters were processed with each batch. Film badges were processed in the Rad-Safe building on Parry Island at Enewetak and in the Rad-Safe building on Enya at Bikini.
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From page 151... ...
Most films and all exposure records are available at REECo in Las Vegas, Nevada, for personnel who participated in REDWING, with the exception of personnel aboard 15 Navy ships. Included are 3 x 5-inch film badge issue cards, and 5 x 8-inch individual exposure record cards.
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From page 152... ...
1.3 1.5 The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and range of deep-dose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the REDWING series. Film badge readings above 0.2 R may be converted by multiplying by the factors in the last line of the table, which were obtained from the overall bias and uncertainty factors for REDWING given above.
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From page 153... ...
, the reported loss of accuracy would result in a slight increase in the span of the 95% confidence limits, represented by the substitution of multiplication factors of 0.42 and 1.39. There appear to be several individual badge readings in this overlap region for Operation REDWING.
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From page 154... ...
The DOD used the series to continue its study of military weapons effects and, with Exercises Desert Rock VII and VIII, its training of personnel in nuclear operations. Personnel Exposed More than 10,000 persons participated in Operation PLUMBBOB under the auspices of the AEC (Wilcox 1957~.
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From page 155... ...
6 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES BY TEST SERIES PLUMBBOB Operation PLUMBBOB Events 155 Event Date Type Yield Act) PROJECT 57 04/24/57 Surface Zero*
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From page 156... ...
Each person was issued a film badge upon arrival at Camp Desert Rock. The film badges issued during 1957 Desert Rock activities contained Du Pont dosimeter film packets Type 559; these contained Type 502 and Type 606 component films.
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From page 157... ...
The Radiological Safety Section, Camp Desert Rock, maintained dosimetry records, which were forwarded to Lexington Signal Depot, Lexington, Kentucky, and were later provided to the Anny staff. The references do not specify a definite turn-in time for film badges.
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From page 158... ...
1.3 1.5 Because NTO and Desert Rock dosimetry programs were cross-calibrated, and procedures of both groups were standardized and implemented by well-trained technicians, the above B and K values apply to results of both dosimetry pros grams. Operation PLUMB BOB film dosimetry is considered optimum for the atmospheric test series in that great care was taken in every phase of the program as thoroughly documented in the REECo archival records.
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From page 159... ...
Readings below 0.2 R may be converted by reading directly from the table; these values allow for additional laboratory uncertainty for low readings, as described in Section 5.B under Laboratory Uncertainties. Deep-Dose Equivalent and 95% Confidence Limits for Operation PLUMBBOB Film Badge Best Estimate of Deep- 95% Confidence Limits for Exposure Dose Equivalent Deep-Dose Equivalent (R)
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From page 160... ...
As a result, an attempt was made to badge all participants during the 1956 REDWING Operation in the Pacific, and this policy was continued during HARDTACK I About 18,000 individuals were badged during HARDTACK I, and about 62,000 personnel film badges were issued and processed.
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From page 161... ...
6 UNCERTAWIY ANALYSES BY TEST SERIES HARDTACK I Operation HARDTACK I Events 161 Event Date Type Yield YUCCA 04/28/58 Balloon CACTUS 05/05/58 Surface 18 kt m 05/11/58 Barge Bl) ~RNlTr 05/11/58 Barge KOA 05/12/58 Surface 1.37 Mt WAHOO 05/16/58 Underwater HOLLY 05/20/58 Barge NUTMEG 05/21/58 Barge YELLOWWOOD 05/26/58 Barge MAGNOLIA 05/26/58 Barge TOBACCO 05/30/58 Barge SYCAMORE 05/31/58 Barge ROSE 06/02/58 Barge UMBRELLA 06/08/58 Undenvater MAPLE 06/10/58 Barge ASPEN 06/14/58 Barge WALNUT 06/14/58 Barge LINDEN 06/18/58 Barge REDWOOD 06/27/58 Barge ELDER 06/27/58 Barge OAK 06/28/58 Barge 8.9 Mt HICKORY 06/29/58 Barge SEQUOIA 07/01/58 Barge CEDAR 07/02/58 Barge DOGWOOD 07/05/58 Barge POPLAR 07/12/58 Barge SCAEVOLA*
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From page 162... ...
Remaining limitations of film badges related to field use include various types of physical damage to the film packets. The hard plastic case protected against most of these.
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From page 163... ...
Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation Calibration of film badges during HARDTACK I was in accordance with Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory procedures and included use of a cobalt 60 source and a recently NBS-calibrated it-meter, constant time-vanable distance calibration exposures, and front-to-back film badge calibration to check for this possible variation in exposure results. The cobalt 60 source output was 8.67 R/h at 50 centimeters on 25 April 1958.
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From page 164... ...
Most of the developed films from HARDTACK I also are at REECo. Holmes and Narver 5x8-inch-card exposure records and film badge issue envelopes for personnel film badge dosimetry during non-operational periods during 1958 in the Pacific are stored at REECo.
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From page 165... ...
Environmental bias of 1.2 for the hot, humid Pacific area test operations should be considered normal compared to a normal environmental bias for drier continental operational conditions of 1.0, or even 1.1 if badges had been worn for long time periods, as they had been in some Pacific operations. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deem dose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the HARDTACK I series.
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From page 166... ...
Three nuclear warheads on missiles were detonated in the upper regions of the atmosphere with yields between 1 and 2 kt as shown in the following table (DOE 1988~.
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From page 167... ...
It can be assumed that the four-element Lexington badge issued at Camp Desert Rock during Operation PLUMBBOB and the Du Pont packet with Type 502 and Type 606 components were used at ARGUS because this badge and at least the Type 502 component were used at Lexington during August and September of 1958 (Abney 1989) and because the 559 packet with Type 502 and 606 components had been used during previous nuclear test series.
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From page 168... ...
Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation Because the film badges were provided and processed by Lexington Signal Dept, it can be assumed that the same procedures used at Camp Desert Rock during Operation PLUMBBOB in 1957 were used for ARGUS films. Current Availability of Records Lexington Blue Grass Depot was contacted previously (Jones et al.
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From page 169... ...
Personnel Exposed About 7,650 people participated in the HARDTACK II test series (REECo 1958~. All personnel who entered NTS during 1958 were required to wear film badges attached to their security badges, and security guards at each gate assured that the badge was valid for the particular month.
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From page 170... ...
The issue and collection procedures included use of an identification plate and color-coded film badges. Identification data, including name, NTS number and organization code, were stamped on IBM issue cards with numbers corresponding to embossed numbers on the films being issued.
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From page 171... ...
Badges were issued at He main gate in Camp Mercury, and at the site Control Point by REECo Rad-Safe staff Air Force personnel issued badges sum plied by REECo at Indian Springs and Kirkland Air Force Bases. All persons entering the test site wore film badges.
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From page 172... ...
Calibration standard fUms were processed daily with each batch of personnel films processed. Also included were unexposed films to account for base fog (REECo 1958~.
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From page 173... ...
eep-Dose Equivalent) 1.3 1.4 Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deepdose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the HARDTACK II series.
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From page 174... ...
>0.20 0.77 E (0.55 E, 1.08 E) where E is the film badge exposure (my Use of the Type 834 film component to replace the Type 606 essentially solved the overlap problem previously experienced in the 10 - 15 R range (see Section 4.D)
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From page 175... ...
6 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES BY TEST SERIES DOMINIC I Operation DOMINIC I Events 175 Event Type Yield ADOBE 04/25/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt AZTEC 04/27/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt ARKANSAS 05/02/62 Airdrop Low megaton FRIGATE BIRD 05/06/62 Rocket YUKON 05/08/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt MESILLA 05/09/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt MUSKEGON 05/11/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt SWORDFISH 05/11/62 Underwater <20 kt ENCINO 05/12/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt SWANEE 05/14/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt CHETCO 05/19/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt TANANA 05/25/62 Airdrop <20 kt NAMBE 05/27/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt ALMA 06/08/62 Airdrop <20 kt TRUCKEE 06/09/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt YESO 06/10/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt HARLEM 06/12/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt RINCONADA 06/15/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kit DULCE 06/17/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt PETIT 06/19/62 Airdrop <20 kit OTOWI 06/22/62 Airdrop 20 to 1000 kt BIGHORN 06/27/62 Airdrop Megaton range BLUE S TONE 06/30/62 Airdrop Low megaton Personnel Exposed Because all of the DOMINIC I tests, except the underwater test, were highaltitude airbursts, little or no fallout resulted and no residual radioactivity remained at surface ground zero, except for a radioactive pool of water after the underwater test Film badge readings thus were generally low, wi~ maximum exposures being reported for cloud-sampling pilots and crews, Navy personnel on the USS sioux who sampled the radioactive water pool, personnel who retrieved instrumentation pods and rocket nosecones, and Rad-Safe monitors. An attempt was made to monitor all participants who had- a potential for exposure, in a continuation of REDWING and HARDTACK I film badging policies.
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From page 176... ...
Remaining limitations of film badges related to field use include various types of physical damage to the film packets. As in HARDTACK I, most of these were
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From page 177... ...
, stated that "All task-force personnel will be required to wear film badges. Certain cases may arise, such as outlying stations, where such a requirement may not be practical." The regulations also stated that "all persons in aircraft at shot time, or at subsequent times, shall wear film badges when engaged in operations in or near the cloud or RADEX (radiation exclusion area)
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From page 178... ...
(Brady 1982~. Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation Calibration of film badges during DOMINIC I was in accordance with the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory procedures and included use of a cobalt 60 source, a recently NBS-calibrated it-meter, and constant time-variable distance calibration exposures.
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From page 179... ...
Current Availability of Records Stored in the archives of REECo at Las Vegas, Nevada, are processed films from DOMINIC I film badges, 5x8-inch card individual exposure records, NavMed 1432 forms listing personnel and their exposures by film badge on specific ships, an alphabetical summary report of DOMINIC I participants and their exposures, for about 75 percent of the film badges issued, supplementary reports for the remaining 25 percent of the film badges processed at N1S, and organizational reports listing data from both the summary and supplementary reports. Esimated Bias and Uncertainty Estimated bias and uncertainties for DOMINIC I film badge exposures greater than 200 mR are listed in the following table.
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From page 180... ...
except for about six film badges worn on the ship which was sampling water from the radioactive pool. Application of Bias and Uncertainty The following table gives deep-dose equivalent values and ranges of deepdose equivalents within the 95% confidence limits resulting from application of the above overall bias and uncertainty factors to film badge readings in the DOMINIC I series.
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From page 181... ...
was conducted during mid-July at the Nevada Test Site (NTS)
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From page 182... ...
Type of film Badge The film badge for Operation DOMINIC II was the standard badge used at the NTS during 1962. Also used during Operation HARDTACK II, the badge consisted of a Du Pont Type 559 film packet containing Type 502 and Type 834 components with 0.028-inch-thick lead strip covering part of the front and back surfaces.
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From page 183... ...
Badge Issue and Exchange The procedures for issuing and exchanging film badges were the same as those that had been used since 1957. The Radiological Safety Division of REECo, the site operating contractor, supervised all aspects of the- film badge program.
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From page 184... ...
Film badges were exchanged when personnel exited radiation areas and exposures of 100 mR or more were expected. Otherwise, badges were exchanged monthly.
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From page 185... ...
Readings below 0.2 R may be converted by reading directly from the table; these values allow for additional laboratory uncertainty for low readings as described in Section 5.B under Laboratory Uncertainties. Deep-Dose Equivalent and 95% Confidence Limits for Operation DOMINIC II Film Badge Best Estimate of Deep- 95% Confidence Limits for Exposure Dose Equivalent Deep-Dose Equivalent (R)
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Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.