Applications of Illuminated, Active, In-Pavement Marker Systems (2008) / Chapter Skim
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provides significant general guidance related to traffic control devices (e.g., signs, markings, and highway traffic signals) , but contains few explicit standards, guidance, or options for IPM system use, and focuses exclusively on pedestrian crosswalk applications.
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To date, hardwired electrical connections and inductive wireless connections have outperformed (e.g., through higher luminous intensity and more consistent operation) individual IPM units relying on solar technology.
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Based on pedestrian crosswalk experience, a high frequency of system failures in a single jurisdiction was attributable to marker settlement and subsequent power supply issues in asphalt concrete pavements. This issue was purportedly avoidable if the IPM systems were installed in portland cement concrete pavement.
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. Specific to halogen light sources, halogen lamps reportedly experienced frequent water condensation and broken filaments.
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Pedestrian crosswalk applications have been most frequently studied; IPM systems have generally been shown to increase vehicle driver awareness, increase vehicle yielding, reduce vehicle approach speeds, reduce vehicle and pedestrian conflicts, and reduce pedestrian wait times. Considering broader applications of IPM systems, additional studies have generally shown a reduction in vehicle speeds, improved lane-tracking, increased road user awareness, and high public acceptance.
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