Myopia Prevalence and Progression (1989) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2. Analysis of the Prevalence Literature
2. Analysis of the Prevalence Literature
Pages 8-22
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 8... ...
Gender Gender differences probably have little effect on the comparability of data in large samples distributed over a wide range. However, slight but significant gender differences in prevalence of myopia have been found between ages 10 and 15 among a wide range of Caucasian and non-Caucasian ethnic groups (Alsbirk, 1979; Angle and Wissmann, 1980a; 8
|
From page 9... ...
The gender differences in the early teens may be associated with sample selection or, more likely, with different ages of onset of puberty. Other studies of the late teens and early 20s tend to show no significant differences with gender, suggesting that gender differences in myopia prevalence do not exist in young adult populations.
|
From page 10... ...
, who compared prevalence data from Denmark and Norway collected in 1882 by Tscherning with the data he himself collected in 1968. Goldschmidt concluded that there had been no significant change in prevalence of myopia of low and moderate degree, but there was a sharp decline in severe myopia.
|
From page 11... ...
Goldschmidt's analysis (1968) and reports of other Scandinavian authors provide the most conclusive evidence that there has been a long-term stability of myopia prevalence in a population that might be compared to our own.
|
From page 12... ...
Since none of the studies to which the Scheerer data are compared included spherical equivalents of -0.25 D or less in myopia prevalence data, the Scheerer and Betsch studies are not biased toward higher prevalence than actually exists; there is in fact a small bias in the opposite direction.
|
From page 13... ...
reported that hyperopic shifts can be observed following atropine cycloplegia in eyes exhibiting low myopia or ernmetropia during drugless refraction. (The English translations cited above did not indicate the magnitude of the hyperopic shift.)
|
From page 14... ...
Children ages 5 to 17 and college-age students represent the largest number of investigations reported. The earliest report discovered concerning schoolchildren is that of Schurmayer (1856)
|
From page 15... ...
N Relevant Criteria Schurmeyer Germany 1856 19.0 8-16 2,172 Refraction 35.0 14-16 Refraction Van Jaeger Germany 1861 55.0 9-16 Small Ophthalmoscope; orphan school 80.0 9-16 Small Ophthalmoscope; priorate school Cohn Germany 1864 1.4 5-7 10,060 Ophthalmoscope myopia >1 D Cohn Germany 1867 9.9 6-16 Ophthalmoscope l?
|
From page 16... ...
He did not report prevalence figures for comparable subgroups, but they can be calculated from his data (see Table 5~. Hirsch identified myopia as the spherical equivalent of -0.25 D
|
From page 17... ...
YOUNG ADULT POPULATIONS Another large group of studies of myopia prevalence includes young adult populations. However, none can be identified as unselected samples.
|
From page 18... ...
Source E`rance College students College students College students College students College students Military recruits Military conscriptees (Germany) Clinic sample Clinic sample College students with visual acuity 20/50 or worse -1.50 D
|
From page 19... ...
Third, the myopic changes observed during the college years may be transient for a significant number of individuals and therefore do not appear in population studies that include a large proportion of individuals beyond college age. Finally, some combinations of these factors, and others, may be needed to account for the apparently paradoxical observations that, although myopia prevalence is significantly higher in college students than noncollege students and a much larger proportion of individuals attend college now compared with the 1920s, the limited adult population studies fail to reveal significant changes in the prevalence of myopia for the two periods.
|
From page 20... ...
1985 81.0 Optometry students Agnew 1887 28.5 Brooklyn Polytechnic Agnew 1887 40.0 New York College Burnett 1911 15.0 University of California College Students in Other Countries Erismann 1871 43.0 Germany Pfluger 1875 40.0 Germany Kotelmanna 1877 49.0 England Seggel 1879 81.0 Germany Cohn 1881 53.0 Germany Collard 1881 30.0 Germany Durr 1883 35.0 Germany Van Anrooy 1884 31 Germany Fleischer 1907 50.0 Germany Ware 1813 25.2 England Smith 1880 20.0 England Clarke 1924 20.0 England Parnell 1951 32.0 England Emmerta 1876 76.0 Switzerland Francesschetti 1935 24.0 Switzerland Vogt 24.0 Switzerland Tscherning 1882 32.4 Denmark Tamura 1932 12.0 Japan Banerjee 1933 35.0 India Liand Rush 1920 55.0 China aCited by Randall (1885b)
|
From page 21... ...
compared unaided visual acuity of 279 male undergraduates at Oxford University to prevalence figures for over 90,000 l~year-old males from England and Wales who took National Service Board examinations in 1939. The Oxford students had a higher prevalence of low visual acuity at all levels (6/9 or less, 49.9 versus 11.4 percent; 6/60 or less, 16.8 versus 2.6 percent)
|
From page 22... ...
Naka~rs considered aD myopic hobo bad ~ spheric equivalent of -0.50 D or greater (see ale 6j.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.