Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats (1991) / Chapter Skim
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8. Skin and Joints
8. Skin and Joints
Pages 164-197
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From page 164... ...
In addition to ectromelia virus, other causes of appendage amputations (Mycoplasma arthritid~s, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Corynebacterium kutscheri, and "ringtail") are included because of clinical overlap with the pox diseases.
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From page 165... ...
Mouse mammary tumor viruses Noninfectious conditions A Dermatitis/Alopecias 1.
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From page 166... ...
for ectromelia virus infection was developed (Collins et al., 1981) and subsequently shown to be far more sensitive and specific than the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI)
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From page 167... ...
Aerosol transmission and infection via the respiratory route also is thought to be possible but of relatively little importance (Briody, 1966; Bhatt and Jacoby, 1986; Bhatt et al., 1988~. Infected animals begin shedding virus about 10 days after infection when characteristic skin lesions appear (Fenner, 1982~.
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From page 168... ...
This form of infection occurs mainly in the highly resistant strains such as C57BL/6 or C57BL/10. Resistance of these strains to clinical disease (not to infection)
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From page 169... ...
Differential diagnosis of the hepatic and splenic lesions should consider infections due to Salmonella enteritidis and Streptobacillus moniliformis. Differential diagnosis of skin lesions should exclude fight wounds, bite lesions of the type in mice described by Les (1972)
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From page 170... ...
Failure of skin lesion development at the site of vaccination with vaccinia virus by scarification of tail skin is considered suggestive of prior infection with mousepox (Fenner, 19821. Control Institutions that must receive mice, mouse tissues, or tumors from sources other than commercial barrier facilities should have a disease surveillance program for quarantine and testing of incoming mice and mouse tissues for infectious agents, including ectromelia virus.
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From page 171... ...
. Manipulations that have been reported to promote mousepox epizootics include: experimental infection with tubercle bacilli, x-irradiation, administration of various toxic chemicals, shipment, tissue transplantation, castration, and tumors (Briody, 1959~.
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From page 172... ...
Hosts Laboratory rats and wild rodents, Felidae (zoo animals fed infected ratsJ, and humans (Marennikova and Shelukhina, 1976; Marennikova et al., 1978b)
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From page 173... ...
The hemagglutination inhibition test or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for mousepox might be useful. Virus isolation and characterization are essential.
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From page 174... ...
b. Subclinical infection has been a complicating factor in studies of experimental arthritis (Pearson, 1959; Mielens and Rozitis, 1964; Cole et al., 1969~.
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From page 175... ...
The pathology of experimental arthritis due to M arthritidis in rats and mice has been reviewed by Lindsey et al.
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From page 176... ...
arthritidis-free breeding stocks through intensive, repetitive testing by ELISA of small populations of breeders over many months, followed by strict barrier maintenance. If valuable stocks infected with M
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From page 177... ...
before the era of widespread cesarean derivation and barrier maintenance of laboratory rodents. There have been relatively few reports of the infection in the United States since 1960, including approximately a dozen cases of rat-bite fever in humans (Anderson et al.
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From page 178... ...
are essential, along with exclusion of other infectious agents and disease processes. Differential diagnosis should rule out mousepox and bacterial septicemias such as those caused by Corynebacterium kutscheri and Salmonella enteritidis.
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From page 179... ...
For laboratory populations, Flynn (1973a) lists as bein;, common only four types of mite for mice (Myobia musculi, Myocoptes musculinus, Radfordia affinis, and Psorergates simplex)
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From page 180... ...
The dynamics of mite populations on the host are very complex and are influenced by factors that include grooming, mouse strain susceptibility, and host immune responses. Athymic nude (nu/nu)
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From page 181... ...
. Control Cesarean derivation and barrier maintenance are the most effective methods for eradication of mite infestations (Weisbroth, 1982~.
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From page 182... ...
Myocoptes musculinus causes lesions similar to but usually milder than those caused by Myobia musculi? whereas Radfordia affinis is not recognized as a significant pathogen.
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From page 183... ...
Intensely pruritic, moist eczematous lesions, usually 1-2 cm in diameter, occur on lateral surfaces of the shoulders and neck. Lesions appear to be initiated or aggravated by scratching with the ipsilateral rear foot.
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From page 184... ...
aureus plays a role in the ulcerative dermatitis associated with this agent in mice and rats. The preputial abscesses in C3H/HeN mice reported by Hong and Edifier (1978a)
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From page 185... ...
au'-eus may require culling of breeders or may disrupt studies, particularly in older animals. Even more important may be alterations in host immune responses, e.~., it has been shown experimentally that injection of killed S
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From page 186... ...
Organisms are parasites of keratin, i.e., hair and superficial layers of skin (Georg, 1960; Emmons et al., 19771. Clinical Inapparent infections are thought to be more common than clinical disease, but both are rare (Dolan and Fendrick, 1959; Davies and Shewell, 1965; Feuerman et al., 1975; Fishman et al., 1976; Balsari et al., 1981~.
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From page 187... ...
published papers that seemed to implicate Pasteurella pneumotropica as an ubiquitous respiratory tract pathogen of major importance in mice.
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From page 188... ...
Perhaps their experimentally infected mice also had Sendai virus and/or Mycoplasma pulmonis infections. The gross and microscopic lesions they described were compatible with murine respiratory mycoplasmosis.
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From page 189... ...
Diagnosis Many colonies of mice and rats have P pneumotropica infections of the upper respiratory tract, digestive tract, conjunctive, and other sites but no demonstrable disease.
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From page 190... ...
Mouse Papule Virus Significance Very low. Perspective Knowledge of this agent is limited to a single report in which a group of mice with skin lesions resembling those of mousepox was described (Kraft and Moore, 1961)
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From page 191... ...
Clinical Papular skin lesions are characterized as areas of edema and hyperemia with central indentation or dimple formation, randomly distributed over the body, including the feet and tail. Subsequently, there is keratinization and scab formation, followed by healing without scar formation.
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From page 192... ...
. _~ O 1976: The ubiquity of the mouse mammary tumor virus ~lvllvl l v )
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From page 193... ...
Clinical Mammary tumors in female mice can be located on virtually any part of the body (ventral, lateral, and dorsal surfaces) from the chin to the pelvic region.
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From page 194... ...
Diagnosis Mouse mammary tumors appear as nodules or masses of varying size in the subcutaneous tissue. They are diagnosed and classified on the basis of histopathologic characteristics (Dunn, 1959; Sass and Dunn 19791.
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From page 195... ...
NONINFECTIOUS SKIN CONDITIONS IMPORTANT IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Bite Wounds in Adult Mice and Rats Fighting, can be a serious problem in some strains of mice (Wimer and Fuller, 19663. It is usually worst among mature males but also occurs among females in some strains.
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From page 196... ...
Usin;, histologic methods, these investigators demonstrated that the dermis beneath the lesions regularly contained fragments of keratinized epithelium from the skirt surface, suggesting that the skin lesions were bite wounds inflicted by cage mates. A major difference between C3lI/He and BALB/c mice with this condition is that healing results in small but prominent white foci of scarring on the tails of pigmented C3H/He mice but leaves almost imperceptible scars on the tails of albino BALB/c mice.
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From page 197... ...
Hair Growth Cycling Arrest Mice are known to grow hair in distinct patterns or cycles (Borum, 1954; Chase, 1954; Chase and Eaton, 1959; Ar;,yris?
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