Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats (1991) / Chapter Skim
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12. Multiple Systems
12. Multiple Systems
Pages 236-256
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From page 236... ...
. In this publication we have chosen to use the more distinctive name Kilham Rat Virus (KRV)
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found antibodies to KRV in 40% to 62% of wild rats at four different locations near Hanover, New Hampshire, and in 89% of a population of laboratory rats. More recent serological surveys of laboratory rats reported prevalences of 44% (Lindsey et al., 1986a)
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From page 238... ...
Spontaneous deaths, scrotal cyanosis, abdominal swelling, dehydration, and other signs of severe illness occurred in juvenile and 7-week-old male rats within 2 weeks after these animals were added to a colony of adult rats that were serologically positive for KRV (Coleman et al., 1983) Pathology KRV infects actively replicating (S-phase)
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From page 239... ...
For the diagnosis of natural disease outbreaks due to KRV, virus serology, demonstration of typical pathologic lesions, and virus isolation should be carried out (Coleman et al., 1983~. The virus can be propagated in primary rat embryo, 324K, and BHK-21 cells (Jacoby et al., 1979, 19871.
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From page 240... ...
If transplacental transmittal does occur, KRV infection might interfere with studies of fetal development and might have teratogenic effects. KRV can contaminate transplantable tumors (Kilham and Olivier, 1939; Lum and Schreiner, 1963; Kilham and Moloney, 1964; Tattersall and Cotmore, 1986)
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Approximately five strains of FI-1 virus have been characterized (Jacoby et al., 1979; Tattersall and Cotmore, 19861. The genus Parvovirus presently contains 13 distinct serotypes, three of which occur in rodents: H-1 virus, Kilham rat virus and Minute Virus of Mice.
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Diagnosis The diagnosis of H-1 infection is usually made during health surveillance testing as natural infections are inapparent. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test are usually used
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, and as one of the most common contaminants of mouse leukemia virus stocks and transplantable tumors (Collins and Parker, 19721. Two strains of the virus MVM(p)
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, and EL4 mouse T-cell lymphoma cells, and rat and mouse embryo tissue cultures (Parker et al., 1970a; Gardiner and Tattersall, 1988a)
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MVM is also a common contaminant of mouse leukemia virus stocks and transplantable tumors. In one study, Parker et al.
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The HAI, CE, and NT tests can be used in situations where discrimination between MVM, Kilham rat virus, and H-1 virus infection is desired (Cross and Parker, 1972; Tattersall and Cotmore, 19861. Control MVM can be eliminated from stocks of mice by cesarean derivation, but elimination of infected mice followed by replacement with MVM-free mice is often more practical.
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and Stewart (1953) independently observed sarcomas in mice that had been inoculated with extracts of murine leukemia virus.
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and to occur in colonies of laboratory mice in the United States, Europe, and Japan (Rowe et al., 1959b; Parker et al., 1966) , primarily in colonies housed in close proximity to experimentally infected mice (Parker et al., 19661.
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Pathology Morphologic lesions, including polyoma virus-induced tumors, usually are not found in naturally infected mice (Eddy, 19821. In experimental infection, factors that favor tumor formation include infection at a very young age, inoculation of very large doses of the virus, inoculation of the virus directly into tissues (i.e., use of either the subcutaneous, intravenous, or intracerebral routes)
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Control Control of polyoma virus is not likely to be a problem except in those animal facilities where mice are given experimental infections of the virus, transplantable tumors or other biological materials contaminated with the virus are introduced into the facility, or wild mice gain access to the facility and transmit the infection to laboratory mice. Once established in a mouse facility, the infection can spread rapidly to adjacent rooms.
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From page 251... ...
Cesarean derivation and barrier maintenance are considered very effective in eliminating the virus because transplacental transmission probably is of little or no importance in natural infections (McCance and Mims, 19773. However, more practical methods such as isolation and quarantine of individual breeding pairs with subsequent selection of serone~ative progeny or removal of neonates and fostering them on polyoma virus-free dams should be effective (Lipman et al., 19871.
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, a large number of Hantaan-related viruses were isolated and assigned to the genus, Hantavirus (McCormick et al., 1982; White et al., 1982; Schmaljohn and Dalrymple, 1983~. Naturally infected laboratory rats have been the source of Hantavirus infections in research personnel in Japan (Umenai et al., 1979; Kawamata et al., 1980, 1987)
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; (iii) Urban and laboratory rat virusesRattus norvegicus moderate disease in people, mostly in Asia but occasionally in Europe (Umenai et al., 1979; Van Ypersele de Strihou, 1979; H
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Serologic surveys of rats and other small mammals have given evidence of Hantavirus infections in many areas of the world where disease due to hantaviruses is not known to occur, including North and South America (P.
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Diagnosis Laboratory rats and biological materials such as transplantable tumors from laboratory rats constitute the greatest concern, particularly those from Eurasian sources. Since Hantavirus infections in rodents are inapparent, the diagnosis is most likely to be made through health surveillance.
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Control The best approach is to prevent Hantavirus infections by obtaining only animals, transplantable tumors, and other biologic materials that have been tested arid found to be free of the infection. Also, contamination of rodent stocks by wild rodents must be prevented.
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