Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats (1991) / Chapter Skim
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6. Respiratory System
6. Respiratory System
Pages 33-84
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From page 33... ...
Those agents listed in group I are by far the major causes of overt respiratory disease in the species indicated. Mycoplasma pulmonis is deemed 33
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From page 34... ...
pulmonis are responsible for the most severe outbreaks of natural respiratory disease, although Sendai virus infection alone also can cause severe disease when first introduced into a naive population of genetically susceptible mice. Streptococcus pneumonias and Corynebacterium kutscheri are potent respiratory pathogens in the rat but seldom in the absence of some combination involving M
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From page 35... ...
Under natural conditions current evidence indicates that pneumonia virus of mice causes minimal upper respiratory tract disease and very mild transient lung disease (the rodent equivalent of manes common coldly. Sialodacryoadenitis virus (see "Digestive System' later in this volume)
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From page 36... ...
Entry of wild type Sendai virus into host cells requires conversion of the F glycoprotein to the biologically active form by host proteases The HN glycoprotein also has been shown to be an inducer of type I interferon. The HN and F glycoproteins also are T cell-dependent B cell mitogens.
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From page 37... ...
Clinical Natural infections of SV alone (i.e., not complicated by other agents) in rats are usually inapparent or cause only small reductions in litter size and growth rate of pups (Making et al., 19721.
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From page 38... ...
Epizootics of disease involving SV virus infection in mice and rats which exceed the above general patterns in clinical severity should arouse suspicion of complication by other agents, particularly concurrent M pulmonis and/ or CAR bacillus infection (Lindsey et al., 1985a; Schoeb et al..
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From page 39... ...
mice have increased susceptibility to SV. They develop chronic pneumonia similar to that in immunocompetent mice but have abundant intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions in laryngeal, tracheal, bronchial, and bronchiolar epithelium, as well as in type I and II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages.
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From page 40... ...
A quantitative immunofluorescence test for detection of serum antibody to SV has been reported (Lucas et al., 19871. In instances where natural SV infection is associated with clinical disease or gross lung lesions, other intercurrent infections, e.g., M
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From page 41... ...
A less effective alternative is to place the infected animals under strict quarantine, remove all young and pregnant females, suspend all breeding, and prevent addition of other susceptible animals for a period of 6-8 weeks until the infection has run its course and the virus has been eliminated naturally. Because of this alternative, cesarean derivation of infected stocks usually is not justified.
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From page 42... ...
advanced the term "chronic respiratory disease" and proposed that it was due to two agents: M pulmonis which caused "infectious catarrh" (proximal airway disease)
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From page 43... ...
(1978) showed that Sendai virus infection promotes respiratory disease due to M
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From page 44... ...
pulmonis infection and disease are common in conventionally reared rats and mice. Subclinical (often noncultivable)
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From page 45... ...
, concurrent Sendai virus infection (Howard et al., 1978; Saito et al., 1981; Schoeb et al., 1985) , or concurrent sialodacryoadenitis virus infection (Schoeb and Lindsey, 1987)
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From page 46... ...
designed to identify the responsible agents and exclude other possible causes or contributors. Efforts should be made to identify all promoters (e.g., Sendai virus infection, intracage ammonia, etc.)
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From page 47... ...
. Control of environmental factors that favor MRM may be helpful in preventing clinical disease or ameliorating outbreaks (e.~., more frequent cane sanitation and reduction of cage population density to reduce intraca~e ammonia concentrations, and prevention of Sendai and sialodacryoadenitis virus infections)
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From page 48... ...
(1987) reported natural infections of CAR bacillus in rats in Japan.
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From page 49... ...
Pathology The pathology of natural CAR bacillus infection has been described only for rats and mice. The predominant lesions are those of advanced MRM (see "Pathology" of Mycoplasma pulmonis infection, pp.
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From page 50... ...
These mice also had Sendai virus and pneumonia virus of mice infections, and obl ob mice are known to have impaired cell mediated immunity (Sheena and Meade, 1978~. Diagnosis At present, diagnosis is dependent upon recognition of the argyrophilic CAR bacillus on respiratory epithelium in lesions of the respiratory tract.
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From page 51... ...
found the organism to be present in 19 of 22 breeding colonies of conventionally reared rats in seven states in the United States, but none of five pathogen free (cesarean derived, barrier maintained) colonies in four states.
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From page 52... ...
Severe epizootics have been reported occasionally in rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys (Deibel and Seeley, 1974; Quie et al., 19811. Epizootiology The agent is rarely seen in rats except in some conventionally reared stocks.
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From page 53... ...
Many of the reported outbreaks attributed to S pneumoniae in the literature documented lesions more characteristic of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis
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From page 54... ...
Corynebacterium kutscheri Significance Uncertain; subclinical infections may be common in conventionally reared mice and rats. Perspective 1894: The organism was first isolated from mice in Ge~'any by Kutscher (1894)
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From page 55... ...
Epizootiology Natural infections of C kutscheri are usually subclinical, occur in conventionally reared mice and rats, and result in disease expression only after severe immunosuppression of hosts by experimental regimens, dietary deficiencies, or concurrent infections of other agents (Weisbroth, 1979~.
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From page 56... ...
In active infection of rats, signs are most often those of respiratory disease: dyspnea, rates, weight loss, humped posture, and anorexia. In mice, findings are usually those of a severe septicemia particularly dead and moribund animals.
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From page 57... ...
In Japan, cortisone provocation followed in 6 days by the tube agglutination test for an anamestic rise in titer has been used as a routine diagnostic test (Takagaki et al., 1967; Fujiwara, 1971~. In persistently infected mice, a single dose of 10 mg of cortisone acetate given intraperitoneally is sufficient to provoke active disease (Fauve et al., 1964J.
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From page 58... ...
or deficiency of pantothenic acid (Seronde, 1954; Zucker, 1954, 1956, 1957; Seronde et al., 1955; Seronde et al., 1956; Zucker and Zucker, 19569. In one study, experimental infections of rats with Sendai virus, sialodacryoadenitis virus or Kilham rat virus were unsuccessful in causing disease expression due to prior C
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From page 59... ...
independently discovered this virus during attempts to isolate influenza virus and other agents from human patients with respiratory infections. Nasopharyngeal washings or homogenates of diseased lung were serially passaged in mice resultin;, in high rates of "pulmonary consolidation" and mortality in the mice.
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From page 60... ...
given either 104 or 1os TCID50 of PVM intranasally developed severe interstitial pneumonia. The latter authors stated that similar lung lesions due to PVM had been seen in naturally infected mice, but they gave no details.
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From page 61... ...
PVM may be isolated using primary hamster kidney, BHK-21, Vero, and hamster embryo cells (Parker and Richter, 1982~. Control Cesarean derivation and barrier maintenance have given excellent results.
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From page 62... ...
mice with natural infections of PAM develop chronic pneumonia and emaciation with deaths (Richter et al., 1988; Weir et al., 19881. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Sip nificance Very low.
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From page 63... ...
Clinical Clinical signs have not been reported to occur in naturally infected mice (Waggle et al., 1983a)
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From page 64... ...
Immunosuppression probably could result in active disease in less susceptible mice and possibly, in rats. Pneumocystis carinii Significance Low, except in immunodeficient and immunosuppressed animals.
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From page 65... ...
(1977a) reported natural disease due to P
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From page 66... ...
carinii infection have chronic wasting, and respiratory insufficiency that may persist for months. Clinical signs can include rough hair coat, dyspnea, cyanosis, severe weight loss and death (Ueda et al., 1977a; Tamura et al., 1978a; Walzer et al., 1979, 1980, 1983, 1989; Weir et al., 1986~.
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From page 67... ...
d. Adult immunocompetent mice To produce lesions in persistently infected animals, give: 1 mg cortisone acetate s.q.
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From page 68... ...
This approach is possible but may be of limited usefulness because of the high prevalence of serum antibodies due to persistent infection in contemporary rat and mouse stocks. By IFA technique, young rats from two commercial sources were found to be negative and retired breeders were usually positive for serum antibodies to P
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From page 69... ...
Control Subclinical infection is probably common in conventionally reared and "pathog,er~ free" colonies (Bartlett et al., 1987a)
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From page 70... ...
The clinical signs seen in mice with active disease during serial passage of mouse tissues have been nonspecific. They have included chattering, dyspnea, cyanosis, reluctance to move, humped posture.
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From page 71... ...
Diagnosis Definitive diagnosis requires the isolation and identification of the organism. Isolations are made by using McCoy and HeLa 229 cell cultures, inoculation of the yolk sacs of embryonating eggs, and inoculation of pathogen free mice (Moulder, 19841.
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From page 72... ...
Also, the infection can be activated in infected mice being used for passage of mouse tissues (Gonnert, 1941, 1942; Nig=, 1942; Karr, 1943; Ming and Eaton, 1944; DeBur~h et al., 19451. Chlamydia psittaci There are two reports in which the serial passage of mouse tissues in conventionally reared mice led to the isolation of C
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From page 73... ...
. Capsular types 3, 4, 5, and 6 have been regarded as belonging to K
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From page 74... ...
Diagnosis The few reports of natural disease associated with this agent are insufficient to allow firm conclusions about its role as a primary pathogen in mice and rats. Like other opportunistic pathogens, host factors probably are extremely important determinants of disease caused by this organism.
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From page 75... ...
described a natural outbreak of cervical lymphadenitis caused by a group A streptococcus in laboratory mice; the organism was later identified as S pyogenes serotype 50 (Hook et al., 19601.
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From page 76... ...
One-third of infected mice developed cervical lymphadenitis, and approximately 50% of those observed for 3 months died of the streptococcal infection. The source of infection for the mice studied by Nelson (1954)
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From page 77... ...
Cesarean derivation and barrier maintenance should be effective in eliminating the organism from an infected stock of mice. Interference with Research Mortality due to this organism reached 50~o during one epizootic in mice (Hook et al., 19601.
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From page 78... ...
neurolyticum has been isolated from the conjunctive, nasal passages, lIarderian glands, and brains of laboratory mice (Findlay et al., 1938; Sabin, 1938a,b, 1939; Sabin and Johnson, 1940; Nelson l950a,b; Tully and RaskNielsen, 1967; Hill, 1974a; Cassell and Hill, 1979) and from the conjunctive of wild mice and laboratory rats (Hill?
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From page 79... ...
Presumably, the organism can be eliminated from infected stocks by cesarean derivation and barrier maintenance techniques. Interference with Research The intracerebral passage in mice of Toxoplasma gondii (Sabin, 1938a)
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From page 80... ...
. Clinical signs have not been observed in infected mice (Hill, 1974a)
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From page 81... ...
Although the virus initially attracted much attention for causing pneumonitis when passa;,ed to infant mice (Fisher and Kilham, 1953; Kilham and Murphy, 1953) , it is now mainly of interest as an experimental model of acute and persistent papovavirus infections in mice.
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From page 82... ...
Clinical Natural infections are subclinical. Clinical disease results from experimental inoculation of the virus into infant mice less than 8 days of age (Kilham, 1952; Kilham and Murphy, 19531.
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From page 83... ...
The intracerebral inoculation of the organism into infant mice and/or the mouse antibody production test may be used for testing, biologic materials for K virus contamination (Parker and Richter, 1982~. Even under the best of conditions, the detection of K virus in a population of mice can be difficult, as appropriately emphasized by the following quote from Parker and Richter (19821: _ "The predominant characteristics of K virus infection are latency, chronicity, low incidence, low antibody titers in recovered mice, and infection in older mice.
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From page 84... ...
. K virus infection enhances the severity of hepatic necrosis caused by mouse hepatitis virus (Tisdale, 1963~.
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