Helping Airport and Air Carrier Employees Cope with Traumatic Events (2009) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix A - Comprehensive Literature Review
Appendix A - Comprehensive Literature Review
Pages 40-56
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 40... ...
. The most extreme form of negative stress is traumatic stress -- stress resulting from a traumatic event or situation.
|
From page 41... ...
. Post-traumatic Stress and Human Reactions to Trauma When one continues to experience a persistent traumatic stress reaction after the traumatic event has past, or posttrauma, it is called post-traumatic stress (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)
|
From page 42... ...
In the final section, the focus turns to disaster planning and preparation that includes a review of the educational and preparatory training factors important to disaster plans that address mental health issues and an overview of the organizational, social, and community factors that are important to consider in developing mental health disaster management plans. Overview of Disaster and Trauma Overview and Epidemiology of PostTraumatic Reactions in the Wake of Disaster Although numbers vary somewhat for each specific traumatic situation, in general, epidemiological statistics suggest that nearly 90–100% of those with exposure to trauma exhibit the same symptoms as those associated with PTSD during the traumatic event itself.
|
From page 43... ...
The results indicate that being female significantly increased the risk for developing PTSD following exposure to a traumatic event. Additionally, the degree to which one perceived their life to be in danger or threatened significantly increased the likeli
|
From page 44... ...
The Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire -- Self-Report, Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire, Impact of Event Scale, and the Clinical-Administered PTSD Scale were used to assess for peritraumatic dissociation, acute stress disorder, and PTSD, respectively, in victims of violent assaults. The results indicate that peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress disorder were significantly correlated with the presence of PTSD symptoms.
|
From page 45... ...
The Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire, Dutch version of the SCL-90, Impact of Event Scale, and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale were utilized. The results indicate that peritraumatic dissociation was not a significant independent predictor of intrusions, avoidance, or PTSD symptoms at 18 months or four years following the disaster.
|
From page 46... ...
. The results indicated that both cortisol and catecholamine levels before trauma exposure did not predict the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms over the course of two years.
|
From page 47... ...
. A Katrina-specific questionnaire, the Traumatic Events Questionnaire, and the Acute Stress Disorder Scale were utilized to assess demographic information, prior exposure to trauma, and acute stress disorder (as acute stress disorder has been shown to predict PTSD up to two years following a traumatic event)
|
From page 48... ...
These results indicate that even with training, rescue workers are not immune to the physical and psychological effects of exposure to traumatic events and disasters. Given that trained disaster workers are at risk for the development of physical and psychological symptoms following exposure to trauma, it would seem that volunteers with minimal training would be especially susceptible to the negative effects of exposure to trauma.
|
From page 49... ...
, one's history of chronic diseases, mental health service utilization, social support, and self-esteem. The results indicated that there was a strong correlation between exposure to the World Trade Center disaster and lower worker productivity; this effect was seen primarily in the year following the incident.
|
From page 50... ...
As noted previously, vicarious traumatization has been referred to as secondary traumatization and compassion fatigue. It describes post traumatic stress reactions experienced by those who are indirectly exposed to traumatic events.
|
From page 51... ...
Early Intervention Issues and Strategies in the Acute Stages Following a Traumatic Event Prior to the 1980s, there were no mental health interventions following disasters. As more was learned about trauma from the Vietnam veterans in the early 1980s, Psychological Debriefing, a model developed in response to the needs of the Vietnam veterans and later more fully described by Dyregrov (1997)
|
From page 52... ...
They detail recommendations for interventions at the individual and organizational levels. The following is a list of actions which may limit vicarious trauma reaction at the individual level: spending time with other people outside of the work environment/staying connected and not isolating oneself, asking for support, engaging in activities that provide a sense of purpose, attending to physical health, maintaining balance between professional, physical and emotional aspects of life, attaining social support, accepting that emotional distress in trauma survivors is a "normal" reaction to traumatic events, limiting unnecessary exposure to traumatic events by decreasing exposure through the media/newspaper, maintaining balance in the work situation, taking vacations, identifying personal limits, and talking to coworkers.
|
From page 53... ...
reflects the state of the current evidence-based treatments for longer-term post-traumatic reactions, namely Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The conclusions from this review of 33 controlled studies on treatment of PTSD indicate that individual trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
|
From page 54... ...
uncertainty about the effects and roles of disaster mental health plans and professionals. Examination of the disaster mental health response reveals that the best method of intervention in traumatic events is uncertain and evidence-based interventions are ambiguous.
|
From page 55... ...
resulted in decreased resilience. This has some important implications regarding the selection of who will be involved in rescue efforts and in terms of training that focuses on increasing the stress resistance of those who may have repeated exposure to traumatic events.
|
From page 56... ...
; during the post-trauma period, interventions could target aspects of longer-term recovery in those who do not "bounce back." State of the Art Model in Disaster Management A number of researchers and professionals, national organizations, and international organizations have articulated some recommendations and guidelines for managing trauma in the aftermath of disasters (Blythe and Slawinski, 2004; Alexander, 2005; Bisson, Brayne, Ochberg, & Everly 2007; Bisson & Cohen 2006; International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies resources, 2006; WHO IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings, 2006)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.