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Chapter 4 - Conclusions
Pages 73-74

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From page 73...
... The numerical investigation included selection of appropriate software and soil models, verification of model predictions, and 3D analysis of about 830 buried culverts, including concrete arches, concrete pipes, concrete boxes, corrugated metal pipe, corrugated metal arches, and thermoplastic pipe (profile wall) , to provide a basis for developing SDEs for structural response.
From page 74...
... Except for a few structure forces, the proposed SDEs do not significantly affect the design margin or reliability on average. However, the relatively large spread in the ratios means that there are some combinations of soil type, diameter, and depth where the SDEs are significantly different than the LRFD design forces.


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