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From page 173... ... Index A Accretion, 27, 45, 125, 131, 158 Actuarial i55ue5, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82, 91 Cc also Erosion hazard zones Aerial photography, 94-96, 102, 107, 117, 123, 124-125, 127, 128-129, 136-137 Alaska, 27 Army Corps of Engineers, 14, 51, 52-53, 54, 56, 93, 110, 115, 122, 140, 152 Association of State Floodplain Managers Surrey, 97 Atlantic Coast, 23, 24, 26, 36-38, 52, 56, 74 see ~80 8pecipc borders thatch Average annual erosion rate, 64, 80, 81, 86, 87, 89, 90, 95-99, 104, 154 A-zones, 62, 63, 74 B Banks and banking, 8CC Loans Barrier islands, 23, 29, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47, 83, 106, 108 173 Coastal Barrier Resources Act, 47, 52, 56 Beaches, 2, 11-12, 23-41, 55, 107, 117, 126, 137, 140, 165-166 biogenic formations, 25, 40 Carolina Beachfront Management Act, 167 cost of use, 17 nourishment, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 30, 23, 37, 38, 56-58, 69, 98, 106, 107, 108, 116, 117, 155 pocket, 21, 36, 39, 45 protection, general, 59-64 recreational, 36-37, 65, 105-106, 109, 123 sand bypasses, 29, 61 sea level and, 20, 23, 24, 25, 35-36, 80 sources and sinks, 2, 4, 23-25, 33, 40, 41, 45, 110, 117, 132 8CC also Dunes Bibliographies, 128 Biological factors, beach formations, 25, 40 Bluffs, 23, 24, 40, 41, 45, 78, 80, 98, 102-103, 115, 123, 126, 135, 137 JCC ~80 Dunes Breakwaters, 10, 20, 35-36, 60-61 Read the entire page →
From page 174... ... , 47, 52, 56 Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) , 107, 108 Coastal Erosion Information System, 126 Coastal States Organization, 95 Coastal Zone Conservation Act, 110-114, 115 Coastal Zone Management Act, 18, 54, 55, 67 Community Rating System, 9, 90 Computer science mapping, 128-129, 136, 137 Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121, 122, 133-134, 138, 140 real time, 110, 154 transport models, programmed, 154 see also Data bases Condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89 see also Demolition and relocation Court cases, 48, 64-65, 104 Currents, 2, 23, 25, 72, 80, 81, 110 El Nina, 29, 114, 121 INDEX em also Breakwaters; Groins and jetties; Littoral drift/transport; Seawalls and revetments D Dams, 11, 21, 24, 35 Data bases, 14, 120-121, 122-124, 127, 132-133, 136, Geographic Information System, 76, 139-140 Data collection and analysis, Cc Computer science; Information needs; Statistics Defense, 1 Delaware, 21 Demography, ecc Population factors Demolition and relocation, 2-3, 7, 010, 37, 38, 66-67, 69, 79-80, 82, 84-89, 91, 99-100 Department of the Interior, 51, 53-54, 93 Disaster Relief Act, 83 Disasters and disaster assistance, 101 Cc also Floods; Hurricanes; Insurance; Storms Dredging federal regulation, 51, 52-53, 54 offshore disposal, 10, 31, 33, 34 sand and gravel mining, 11-12, 17, 21, 33 state regulation, 98 Dunes, 2, 25, 40, 41, 55, 61, 62, 67, 69, 74, 75, 80, 83, 135, 138, 140, 157, 165-167 state programs, 98, 105, 108 BCC also Barrier islands; Bluffs EEarthquakes, 27, 36, 39, 100110, 114, 115-116 Easements, 89 Economic factors, 1-2, 18 actuarial issues, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82, 91 beach nourishment, 11, 37, 108-109 building requirements, 67, 69, 72 Read the entire page →
From page 175... ... , 13-15, 17, 52, 55, 120, 122, 128, 129, 134-137, 156, 167 flood- and erosion-related losses, 2, 72, 77, 78, 86-93 recommendations,.4, 5-10, 13-15, 81-82, 117, 139-140 JCC ~JO National Flood Insurance Act/Program; Upton-Jones Amendment Federal government, 17, 164 damage mitigation programs, 16, 54-55 regulation, 49, 50-56 resource management, 44, 54-55 JCC ~JO Law; Laws, specific; ~peciTc agencies Federal Insurance Administration, 3 4, 52 Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 52-53 JCC ~JO Clean Water Act Fish and Wildlife Service, 53-54 Flood Disaster Protection Act, 72-73 Floodplains, 80-81 Executive Order 11988, 15, 93 Federal Insurance Rate Mans. 18 74, 76-77 management, 14-15, 62, Cc also National Flood Insurance Act/Program state and local actions, 64, 80 Unified National Program, 14-15, 92-93 V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76, 77-78, 91, 166 Floods, 40, 65, 68, 157 beach types and, 21 control measures, 10-11, 18, 48 w. Read the entire page →
From page 176... ... 176 G GENESIS, 152 Geographic Information System, 76, 139-140 Geological considerations, 26,27,36, 39,41,109-110,114, 115-116 see also Oceanography; Subsidence Geological Survey, 93,122,124,128 Georgia, 37 Glaciation processes and effects, 26, 36,41 Government role, 47,50-51 see ~80 Federal government; Law; Local government; State government Gravel, Cc Sand and gravel Great Lakes, 1, 3,21,40-41,51,53, 78-79,85,98,100-104,123,124 dredging, 52 seasonal erosion, 18 see ~80 specific horde Jt~CJ Greenhouse effect, 114 Groins and jetties, 2j 10,11,14,30, 35-36, 46, 48,59, 116-117 Gulf of Mexico, coastal zone, 38,52, 56 beaches, 23,24,26 Rood zone mapping, 74 subsidence, 27,35 ace ~80 8pCCipC borders Jt~Cd H Harbors and ports, 1, 10, 20,38-39, 98 Historical perspectives, 1 Coastal Zone Conservation Act, 112-113 geologic conditions, 26, 27,36,39, 41,109-110, 114,115-116 sea level changes, 25,26 shoreline changes, 20; in prediction, 7,10,107, 120,122-129, 136-140 Housing and Community Development Act, 78, 79, 81-82 see also Upton-Jones Amendment Human factors, 2, 4,18, 25, 29, 33-35,41,45,85,98,132 emotion, 167 INDEX recreation, 36-39,65, 73,105-106, 109,123 8CC also Education; Law; Political factors; Population factors Hurricanes, 2,14, 25,29,36,74,78, 99,125,126 Camille, 26,38, 77 Elena, 38 Eloise, 154 Hugo, 77,83, 87,91,165-167 Kate, 38 I Indiana, 99 Information needs, 3,120,140 bibliographies, 128 Coastal Erosion Information System, 126 Coastal Resources Information Center, 114 Community Rating System, 9, 90 environmental impact statements, 10, 12, 52 Geographic Information System, 76, 139-140 Nadriorzal Atlas, 128 sec ado Computer science; Data bases; Education; Models; Statistics Infrastructure, 2, 50-51, 56, 68,106 dCC ~JO Navigational structures and waterways; Structural erosion control Inlets, 20, 2~30, 45, 61 tidal, 14, 23, 25, 31, 33 Insurance, 17, 68, 157 actuarial issues, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82, 91 Federal Insurance Administration, 3, 4, 52 priorate, 4, 16~17 JCC also National Flood Insurance Act/Program; Upton-Jones Amendment Intracoastal Waterway, 52 Islands, Cc Barrier islands Italy, 35 J Jetties, 8CC Groins and jetties Read the entire page →
From page 177... ... , 52-53 Flood Disaster Protection Act, 72-73 Housing and Community Development Act, 78, 79, 81-82 177 Land and Water Conservation E`und, 67 National Environmental Policy Act, 52 Shorelands Protection and Management Act, 101-104 Cc also National Flood Insurance Act/Program; Upton-Jones Amendment Licenses and permits, sec Permits and licenses Litigation, sec Court cases Littoral drift/transport, 21,24,25, 27,30-33,39,40,45, 57, 120-121 accretion, 27,45,125,131,158 barrier islands, 23,29,36,37,38, 45,47,83,106,108 models, 129-132,151-159 sand bypasses, 29,61,108 ace ale o Breakwaters; Groins and jetties; Sinks and sources Loans, 49,100,101 Local government, 50-51,81,82,139 Community Rating System, 9, 90 federal support, 55,66-67, 73, 75, 94,117 jurisdictional issues, 46-47 management programs and tools, 67,73,75, 77,83,102,161-162 research, 18,123 standards, 8 state/local cooperation, 95,104, 106,109 zoning, 49, 64~5 Louisiana, 21,38 Lumped v. LRy,48 M Management, JCC Land management Mangroves, 62,75 Mapping, 55,124-125,127-129,136, 137 A- and V-zones, 62,63, 74-76, 77-78,91,166 ae r ial p hot o graphy, 9 4-96,102, 107,117,123, 124-125,127, 128-129,136-137 computer-based, 128-129,136,137; dCC ~JO Data bases Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... City of Manhatten Beach, 65 Methodologies, 7,56~8 aerial photography, 94-96,102, 107,117, 123, 124-125,127, 128-129,136-137 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 13-15, 72,77,78, 81-82,89,86-93,122,129, 134-137,139-140,156,167 historical shoreline changes, in prediction, 7,107,120,122-129, 136-140 sec also Classification; Computer science; Mapping; Models; Statistics Michigan, 41,81, 83,98, 99,100-104 Mining, sand and gravel, 11-12,17, 21,33 Mississippi, 26, 27,38 Models, 13,120-121,129-139, 151-159 mathematical and numerical models, 13,107,129-135,139, 140,151-156 real time, 110, 154 storms, effects, 120, 122, 131, 132, 133, 140,154, 156 transport models, 129-132, 151-159 see also Mapping Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121, 122,133-134,138,140 INDEX Multidisciplinary approach, 14, 18-19,92-93 N National Atlas, 128 National Environmental Policy Act, 52 National Estuary Program, 54 National Flood Insurance Act/Program, 2,3,55, 62,67, 68 costs, 76-78 erosion provisions, 8-9,17-18, 71-93,98 hazard delineation, 74-76 private interests and, 49 rate maps, 18,74, 76, 77 regulations (CFR) , 72-76, 86-87, 89-91 research and data needs, 13 standards, 4-5 text, selected, 161-163 Unified National Program, 14-15, 92-93 arc also Upton-Jones Amendment National Map Accuracy Standards, 124,125,136,137 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 14,52,54-55, 93,122,123,140 Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, 54-55, 93 National Ocean Service, 123-125, 128,136 National Park Service, 53, 93 National programs, 14-15,17,50-56, 91-93 data base, 139-140 geographically selective, 47 map standards, 124,125,136,137 National Research Council, 3,68 Navigational structures and waterways, 1~11, 20,29-30, 108 dredging regulation, 51,52-53,54 harbors and ports, 1, 10, 20,38-39, 98 Intracoastal Waterway, 52 Netherlands, 154,158-159 Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... INDE}f New Jersey, 13, 21, 37, 38, 47, 64, 127, 128-129, 137 New York, 23, 36, 37, 47 North Carolina, 27, 37, 64, 79, 81, 83, 86, 95, 98, 104-107 Numerical and mathematical models, 13, 107, 129-132, 139, 140, 151-156 Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121, 122, 133-134, 138, 140 o Oceanography, 7, 14, 120, 122, 133, 136, 138 Geographic Information System, 76, 139-140 see also Currents; Littoral drift/transport; Mapping; Sea level; Tides; Wave processes; Weather and climate Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, 54-55, 93 Ohio, 41 Oil production, 33-35, 116-117 Oregon, 21, 39 p Pacific Coast, 36, 38-40 beaches, 21, 23, 24, 26 flood zone mapping, 74 see ~80 ~pecipc borders statue Pennsylvania, 81, 99 Permits and licences dredging, 52-53, 54 erosion control structures, 116-117 Bood- and erosion-prone areas, 82, 89, 103-104, 107-108 Photography, mapping, sec Aerial photography Physical processes, 4, 18, 129-130 accretion, 27, 45, 125, 131, 158 diversity of, 45 glaciation processes and effects, 26, 36, 41 landslides, 116 real time, 110, 154 subsidence, 12, 21, 26, 27, 33-35, 38, 72, 98, 162 179 8CC also Climate and weather; Currents; Littoral drift/transport; Sea level; Sinks and sources; Tides; Wave processes Political factors, 18 jurisdictional, 1, 16, 46-47 setbacks, 100 Population factors, 1, 16, 109 recreation, 36-39, 65, 73, 105-106, 109, 123 settlement diversity, 18, 45-46 urban areas, 1, 36, 37, 46, 137 Ports and harbors, Cc Harbor and ports Prediction, 13, 14, 16, 79, 121-122 shoreline changes, 20; in prediction, 7, 10, 107, 120, 122-129, 136-138 8CC also Erosion hazard zones; Models Preserves and refuges, 53-54, 66 President of the United States Executive Orders, 15, 93 Private interests, 47-49, 109 insurance companies, 4, 16-17 Property owners and ownership, 45-46, 50, 99-100 condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89 easements, 89 education of, 12-13, 68, 94, 101-102, 106, 111, 114, 167 real estate, 49, 109 responsibilities, 5, 103, 167 rights, 1, 18, 48-49, 64-65, 89 8CC ~80 Condemnation; Demolition and relocation; Insurance Public access, 1 Public opinion, 16 regulatory process, 18, 49 8CC ~80 Education Public property, 1-2 Cc also Infrastructure n. Real estate, 49, 109 8CC ~80 Property owners and ownership Real time, 110, 154 Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... Borough of Beach Ha? ' cr`, 65 Spills, 114 Standards, 7-8 condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89 data base, 13, 136 flood hazard zones, 71-73, 75, 77 maps, 124, 125, 136, 137 national, 18, 77, 124, 161 National Flood Insurance Program, 3, 4-5, 71-73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 89-91 state and local, 8 Cc also Building codes; Setback requirements State government, 8, 17, 94-117, 161, 163, 164 average annual erosion rate, 64, 80, 81, 86, 95-99, 104 Coastal Zone Management Act, federal/state cooperation, 18, 54-55 erosion hazard zones, 94, 95, 101-102 expertise, 93 Read the entire page →
From page 181... ... INDEX mapping, 128-129 numerical and mathematical models, 13, 107, 139, 151-156 research, 18, 95 regulations, 46, 48, 49, 50-51, 64-65, 78, 82, 94-117 setback requirements, 81, 94-99, 102, 103, 105-106 standards, 8 wetlands, 64 8CC ~80 dpCCi[C Hatch Statistics, 7, 13, 14, 120-121, 132-133, 138, 140 maps, errors, 124, 125, 128, 137 mathematical and numerical models, 13, 107, 120135, 139, 140, 151-156 Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121, 122, 133-134, 138, 140 tabular data, 137 waves processes, 110, 114, 132 Statutes, Cc Law; Laws, specific Storms, 2, 14, 99 beaches and, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 57, 65 insurance, 3, 74, 79, 87 modeling, predictive, 120, 122, 131, 132, 133, 140, 154, 156 state programs, 105, 106, 107, 114-115 surges, tidal, 26, 152, 154, 165-166 see also Hurricanes Structural erosion control, 2, 3, 11, 14, 69, 106, 107, 116-117 beach nourishment, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 23, 30, 37, 38, 56-58, 69, 98, 106, 107, 108, 116, 117, 155 sand bypasses, 29, 61 Cc also Breakwaters; Demolition and relocation; Groins and jetties; Seawalls and revetments Subsidence, 12, 21, 26, 27, 33-35, 38, 72, 98, 162 TTax incentives, 106 Temporal factors, 22 beach development, 23 geologic conditions, 26, 27, 36, 39, 41, 109-110, 114, 115-116 181 prediction, 12~140 real time, 110, 154 seasonal factors, 18, 25-26, 120, 122, 126 sec ago Historical perspectives; Prediction Texas, 35, 38, 99 Tides, 2, 23, 28, 30, 135 inlets, tidal, 14, 23, 25, 31, 33 storm surges, 26, 152, 154, 165-166 Transport models, 12~132, 151-159 Tropical regions, 25 U Unified National Program for Floodplain Management, 14-15, 92-93 Upton-Jones Amendment, 2-3, 17, 64, 78-90, 120, 140, 145-147 relocation benefits, 9-10 Urban areas, 1, 36, 37, 46, 137 V Virginia, 47 V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76, 77-78, 91, 166 W Washington State, 39 Waste management dredge spoil, 10, 31, 33, 34, 52, 54 septic systems, 103 Water Resources Council, 92 Wave processes, 2, 14, 21, 23, 25, 57, 65, 72, 74, 80, 81, 110, 114-115, 130, 131, 132, 138, 140, 152, 154-156 Atlantic vat. Pacific, 36, 39 Great Lakes, 40 em also Breakwaters; Groins and jetties; Littoral drift/transport; Seawalls and revetments Weather and climate, 45, 110, 131 El Nina, 29, 114, 121 greenhouse effect, 114 wind, 2, 23, 26, 67, 75, 110, 165 Cc also Hurricanes; Storms; Wave processes Wetlands, 53, 54, 64 Read the entire page →
From page 182... ... 182 Executive Order 11990, 15, 93 Wind, 2, 23, 26, 67, 75, 110, 165 Wisconsin, 41, 64 z Zoning, 3, 49, 50, 64-65, 82, 102, 104 INDEX A- and V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76, 77-78, 91 Federal Insurance Rate Maps, 18, 74, 76-77 arc also Erosion hazard zones; Floodplains; Setback requirements Read the entire page →

From page 173...

... Index A Accretion, 27, 45, 125, 131, 158 Actuarial i55ue5, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82, 91 Cc also Erosion hazard zones Aerial photography, 94-96, 102, 107, 117, 123, 124-125, 127, 128-129, 136-137 Alaska, 27 Army Corps of Engineers, 14, 51, 52-53, 54, 56, 93, 110, 115, 122, 140, 152 Association of State Floodplain Managers Surrey, 97 Atlantic Coast, 23, 24, 26, 36-38, 52, 56, 74 see ~80 8pecipc borders thatch Average annual erosion rate, 64, 80, 81, 86, 87, 89, 90, 95-99, 104, 154 A-zones, 62, 63, 74 B Banks and banking, 8CC Loans Barrier islands, 23, 29, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47, 83, 106, 108 173 Coastal Barrier Resources Act, 47, 52, 56 Beaches, 2, 11-12, 23-41, 55, 107, 117, 126, 137, 140, 165-166 biogenic formations, 25, 40 Carolina Beachfront Management Act, 167 cost of use, 17 nourishment, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 30, 23, 37, 38, 56-58, 69, 98, 106, 107, 108, 116, 117, 155 pocket, 21, 36, 39, 45 protection, general, 59-64 recreational, 36-37, 65, 105-106, 109, 123 sand bypasses, 29, 61 sea level and, 20, 23, 24, 25, 35-36, 80 sources and sinks, 2, 4, 23-25, 33, 40, 41, 45, 110, 117, 132 8CC also Dunes Bibliographies, 128 Biological factors, beach formations, 25, 40 Bluffs, 23, 24, 40, 41, 45, 78, 80, 98, 102-103, 115, 123, 126, 135, 137 JCC ~80 Dunes Breakwaters, 10, 20, 35-36, 60-61

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From page 174...

... , 47, 52, 56 Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) , 107, 108 Coastal Erosion Information System, 126 Coastal States Organization, 95 Coastal Zone Conservation Act, 110-114, 115 Coastal Zone Management Act, 18, 54, 55, 67 Community Rating System, 9, 90 Computer science mapping, 128-129, 136, 137 Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121, 122, 133-134, 138, 140 real time, 110, 154 transport models, programmed, 154 see also Data bases Condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89 see also Demolition and relocation Court cases, 48, 64-65, 104 Currents, 2, 23, 25, 72, 80, 81, 110 El Nina, 29, 114, 121 INDEX em also Breakwaters; Groins and jetties; Littoral drift/transport; Seawalls and revetments D Dams, 11, 21, 24, 35 Data bases, 14, 120-121, 122-124, 127, 132-133, 136, Geographic Information System, 76, 139-140 Data collection and analysis, Cc Computer science; Information needs; Statistics Defense, 1 Delaware, 21 Demography, ecc Population factors Demolition and relocation, 2-3, 7, 010, 37, 38, 66-67, 69, 79-80, 82, 84-89, 91, 99-100 Department of the Interior, 51, 53-54, 93 Disaster Relief Act, 83 Disasters and disaster assistance, 101 Cc also Floods; Hurricanes; Insurance; Storms Dredging federal regulation, 51, 52-53, 54 offshore disposal, 10, 31, 33, 34 sand and gravel mining, 11-12, 17, 21, 33 state regulation, 98 Dunes, 2, 25, 40, 41, 55, 61, 62, 67, 69, 74, 75, 80, 83, 135, 138, 140, 157, 165-167 state programs, 98, 105, 108 BCC also Barrier islands; Bluffs EEarthquakes, 27, 36, 39, 100110, 114, 115-116 Easements, 89 Economic factors, 1-2, 18 actuarial issues, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82, 91 beach nourishment, 11, 37, 108-109 building requirements, 67, 69, 72

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From page 175...

... , 13-15, 17, 52, 55, 120, 122, 128, 129, 134-137, 156, 167 flood- and erosion-related losses, 2, 72, 77, 78, 86-93 recommendations,.4, 5-10, 13-15, 81-82, 117, 139-140 JCC ~JO National Flood Insurance Act/Program; Upton-Jones Amendment Federal government, 17, 164 damage mitigation programs, 16, 54-55 regulation, 49, 50-56 resource management, 44, 54-55 JCC ~JO Law; Laws, specific; ~peciTc agencies Federal Insurance Administration, 3 4, 52 Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 52-53 JCC ~JO Clean Water Act Fish and Wildlife Service, 53-54 Flood Disaster Protection Act, 72-73 Floodplains, 80-81 Executive Order 11988, 15, 93 Federal Insurance Rate Mans. 18 74, 76-77 management, 14-15, 62, Cc also National Flood Insurance Act/Program state and local actions, 64, 80 Unified National Program, 14-15, 92-93 V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76, 77-78, 91, 166 Floods, 40, 65, 68, 157 beach types and, 21 control measures, 10-11, 18, 48 w.

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From page 176...

... 176 G GENESIS, 152 Geographic Information System, 76, 139-140 Geological considerations, 26,27,36, 39,41,109-110,114, 115-116 see also Oceanography; Subsidence Geological Survey, 93,122,124,128 Georgia, 37 Glaciation processes and effects, 26, 36,41 Government role, 47,50-51 see ~80 Federal government; Law; Local government; State government Gravel, Cc Sand and gravel Great Lakes, 1, 3,21,40-41,51,53, 78-79,85,98,100-104,123,124 dredging, 52 seasonal erosion, 18 see ~80 specific horde Jt~CJ Greenhouse effect, 114 Groins and jetties, 2j 10,11,14,30, 35-36, 46, 48,59, 116-117 Gulf of Mexico, coastal zone, 38,52, 56 beaches, 23,24,26 Rood zone mapping, 74 subsidence, 27,35 ace ~80 8pCCipC borders Jt~Cd H Harbors and ports, 1, 10, 20,38-39, 98 Historical perspectives, 1 Coastal Zone Conservation Act, 112-113 geologic conditions, 26, 27,36,39, 41,109-110, 114,115-116 sea level changes, 25,26 shoreline changes, 20; in prediction, 7,10,107, 120,122-129, 136-140 Housing and Community Development Act, 78, 79, 81-82 see also Upton-Jones Amendment Human factors, 2, 4,18, 25, 29, 33-35,41,45,85,98,132 emotion, 167 INDEX recreation, 36-39,65, 73,105-106, 109,123 8CC also Education; Law; Political factors; Population factors Hurricanes, 2,14, 25,29,36,74,78, 99,125,126 Camille, 26,38, 77 Elena, 38 Eloise, 154 Hugo, 77,83, 87,91,165-167 Kate, 38 I Indiana, 99 Information needs, 3,120,140 bibliographies, 128 Coastal Erosion Information System, 126 Coastal Resources Information Center, 114 Community Rating System, 9, 90 environmental impact statements, 10, 12, 52 Geographic Information System, 76, 139-140 Nadriorzal Atlas, 128 sec ado Computer science; Data bases; Education; Models; Statistics Infrastructure, 2, 50-51, 56, 68,106 dCC ~JO Navigational structures and waterways; Structural erosion control Inlets, 20, 2~30, 45, 61 tidal, 14, 23, 25, 31, 33 Insurance, 17, 68, 157 actuarial issues, 5, 8, 18, 68, 72, 82, 91 Federal Insurance Administration, 3, 4, 52 priorate, 4, 16~17 JCC also National Flood Insurance Act/Program; Upton-Jones Amendment Intracoastal Waterway, 52 Islands, Cc Barrier islands Italy, 35 J Jetties, 8CC Groins and jetties

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From page 177...

... , 52-53 Flood Disaster Protection Act, 72-73 Housing and Community Development Act, 78, 79, 81-82 177 Land and Water Conservation E`und, 67 National Environmental Policy Act, 52 Shorelands Protection and Management Act, 101-104 Cc also National Flood Insurance Act/Program; Upton-Jones Amendment Licenses and permits, sec Permits and licenses Litigation, sec Court cases Littoral drift/transport, 21,24,25, 27,30-33,39,40,45, 57, 120-121 accretion, 27,45,125,131,158 barrier islands, 23,29,36,37,38, 45,47,83,106,108 models, 129-132,151-159 sand bypasses, 29,61,108 ace ale o Breakwaters; Groins and jetties; Sinks and sources Loans, 49,100,101 Local government, 50-51,81,82,139 Community Rating System, 9, 90 federal support, 55,66-67, 73, 75, 94,117 jurisdictional issues, 46-47 management programs and tools, 67,73,75, 77,83,102,161-162 research, 18,123 standards, 8 state/local cooperation, 95,104, 106,109 zoning, 49, 64~5 Louisiana, 21,38 Lumped v. LRy,48 M Management, JCC Land management Mangroves, 62,75 Mapping, 55,124-125,127-129,136, 137 A- and V-zones, 62,63, 74-76, 77-78,91,166 ae r ial p hot o graphy, 9 4-96,102, 107,117,123, 124-125,127, 128-129,136-137 computer-based, 128-129,136,137; dCC ~JO Data bases

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From page 178...

... City of Manhatten Beach, 65 Methodologies, 7,56~8 aerial photography, 94-96,102, 107,117, 123, 124-125,127, 128-129,136-137 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 13-15, 72,77,78, 81-82,89,86-93,122,129, 134-137,139-140,156,167 historical shoreline changes, in prediction, 7,107,120,122-129, 136-140 sec also Classification; Computer science; Mapping; Models; Statistics Michigan, 41,81, 83,98, 99,100-104 Mining, sand and gravel, 11-12,17, 21,33 Mississippi, 26, 27,38 Models, 13,120-121,129-139, 151-159 mathematical and numerical models, 13,107,129-135,139, 140,151-156 real time, 110, 154 storms, effects, 120, 122, 131, 132, 133, 140,154, 156 transport models, 129-132, 151-159 see also Mapping Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121, 122,133-134,138,140 INDEX Multidisciplinary approach, 14, 18-19,92-93 N National Atlas, 128 National Environmental Policy Act, 52 National Estuary Program, 54 National Flood Insurance Act/Program, 2,3,55, 62,67, 68 costs, 76-78 erosion provisions, 8-9,17-18, 71-93,98 hazard delineation, 74-76 private interests and, 49 rate maps, 18,74, 76, 77 regulations (CFR) , 72-76, 86-87, 89-91 research and data needs, 13 standards, 4-5 text, selected, 161-163 Unified National Program, 14-15, 92-93 arc also Upton-Jones Amendment National Map Accuracy Standards, 124,125,136,137 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 14,52,54-55, 93,122,123,140 Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, 54-55, 93 National Ocean Service, 123-125, 128,136 National Park Service, 53, 93 National programs, 14-15,17,50-56, 91-93 data base, 139-140 geographically selective, 47 map standards, 124,125,136,137 National Research Council, 3,68 Navigational structures and waterways, 1~11, 20,29-30, 108 dredging regulation, 51,52-53,54 harbors and ports, 1, 10, 20,38-39, 98 Intracoastal Waterway, 52 Netherlands, 154,158-159

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From page 179...

... INDE}f New Jersey, 13, 21, 37, 38, 47, 64, 127, 128-129, 137 New York, 23, 36, 37, 47 North Carolina, 27, 37, 64, 79, 81, 83, 86, 95, 98, 104-107 Numerical and mathematical models, 13, 107, 129-132, 139, 140, 151-156 Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121, 122, 133-134, 138, 140 o Oceanography, 7, 14, 120, 122, 133, 136, 138 Geographic Information System, 76, 139-140 see also Currents; Littoral drift/transport; Mapping; Sea level; Tides; Wave processes; Weather and climate Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, 54-55, 93 Ohio, 41 Oil production, 33-35, 116-117 Oregon, 21, 39 p Pacific Coast, 36, 38-40 beaches, 21, 23, 24, 26 flood zone mapping, 74 see ~80 ~pecipc borders statue Pennsylvania, 81, 99 Permits and licences dredging, 52-53, 54 erosion control structures, 116-117 Bood- and erosion-prone areas, 82, 89, 103-104, 107-108 Photography, mapping, sec Aerial photography Physical processes, 4, 18, 129-130 accretion, 27, 45, 125, 131, 158 diversity of, 45 glaciation processes and effects, 26, 36, 41 landslides, 116 real time, 110, 154 subsidence, 12, 21, 26, 27, 33-35, 38, 72, 98, 162 179 8CC also Climate and weather; Currents; Littoral drift/transport; Sea level; Sinks and sources; Tides; Wave processes Political factors, 18 jurisdictional, 1, 16, 46-47 setbacks, 100 Population factors, 1, 16, 109 recreation, 36-39, 65, 73, 105-106, 109, 123 settlement diversity, 18, 45-46 urban areas, 1, 36, 37, 46, 137 Ports and harbors, Cc Harbor and ports Prediction, 13, 14, 16, 79, 121-122 shoreline changes, 20; in prediction, 7, 10, 107, 120, 122-129, 136-138 8CC also Erosion hazard zones; Models Preserves and refuges, 53-54, 66 President of the United States Executive Orders, 15, 93 Private interests, 47-49, 109 insurance companies, 4, 16-17 Property owners and ownership, 45-46, 50, 99-100 condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89 easements, 89 education of, 12-13, 68, 94, 101-102, 106, 111, 114, 167 real estate, 49, 109 responsibilities, 5, 103, 167 rights, 1, 18, 48-49, 64-65, 89 8CC ~80 Condemnation; Demolition and relocation; Insurance Public access, 1 Public opinion, 16 regulatory process, 18, 49 8CC ~80 Education Public property, 1-2 Cc also Infrastructure n. Real estate, 49, 109 8CC ~80 Property owners and ownership Real time, 110, 154

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From page 180...

... Borough of Beach Ha? ' cr`, 65 Spills, 114 Standards, 7-8 condemnation, 81, 85, 86-87, 88, 89 data base, 13, 136 flood hazard zones, 71-73, 75, 77 maps, 124, 125, 136, 137 national, 18, 77, 124, 161 National Flood Insurance Program, 3, 4-5, 71-73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 89-91 state and local, 8 Cc also Building codes; Setback requirements State government, 8, 17, 94-117, 161, 163, 164 average annual erosion rate, 64, 80, 81, 86, 95-99, 104 Coastal Zone Management Act, federal/state cooperation, 18, 54-55 erosion hazard zones, 94, 95, 101-102 expertise, 93

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From page 181...

... INDEX mapping, 128-129 numerical and mathematical models, 13, 107, 139, 151-156 research, 18, 95 regulations, 46, 48, 49, 50-51, 64-65, 78, 82, 94-117 setback requirements, 81, 94-99, 102, 103, 105-106 standards, 8 wetlands, 64 8CC ~80 dpCCi[C Hatch Statistics, 7, 13, 14, 120-121, 132-133, 138, 140 maps, errors, 124, 125, 128, 137 mathematical and numerical models, 13, 107, 120135, 139, 140, 151-156 Monte Carlo simulations, 120, 121, 122, 133-134, 138, 140 tabular data, 137 waves processes, 110, 114, 132 Statutes, Cc Law; Laws, specific Storms, 2, 14, 99 beaches and, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 57, 65 insurance, 3, 74, 79, 87 modeling, predictive, 120, 122, 131, 132, 133, 140, 154, 156 state programs, 105, 106, 107, 114-115 surges, tidal, 26, 152, 154, 165-166 see also Hurricanes Structural erosion control, 2, 3, 11, 14, 69, 106, 107, 116-117 beach nourishment, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 23, 30, 37, 38, 56-58, 69, 98, 106, 107, 108, 116, 117, 155 sand bypasses, 29, 61 Cc also Breakwaters; Demolition and relocation; Groins and jetties; Seawalls and revetments Subsidence, 12, 21, 26, 27, 33-35, 38, 72, 98, 162 TTax incentives, 106 Temporal factors, 22 beach development, 23 geologic conditions, 26, 27, 36, 39, 41, 109-110, 114, 115-116 181 prediction, 12~140 real time, 110, 154 seasonal factors, 18, 25-26, 120, 122, 126 sec ago Historical perspectives; Prediction Texas, 35, 38, 99 Tides, 2, 23, 28, 30, 135 inlets, tidal, 14, 23, 25, 31, 33 storm surges, 26, 152, 154, 165-166 Transport models, 12~132, 151-159 Tropical regions, 25 U Unified National Program for Floodplain Management, 14-15, 92-93 Upton-Jones Amendment, 2-3, 17, 64, 78-90, 120, 140, 145-147 relocation benefits, 9-10 Urban areas, 1, 36, 37, 46, 137 V Virginia, 47 V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76, 77-78, 91, 166 W Washington State, 39 Waste management dredge spoil, 10, 31, 33, 34, 52, 54 septic systems, 103 Water Resources Council, 92 Wave processes, 2, 14, 21, 23, 25, 57, 65, 72, 74, 80, 81, 110, 114-115, 130, 131, 132, 138, 140, 152, 154-156 Atlantic vat. Pacific, 36, 39 Great Lakes, 40 em also Breakwaters; Groins and jetties; Littoral drift/transport; Seawalls and revetments Weather and climate, 45, 110, 131 El Nina, 29, 114, 121 greenhouse effect, 114 wind, 2, 23, 26, 67, 75, 110, 165 Cc also Hurricanes; Storms; Wave processes Wetlands, 53, 54, 64

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From page 182...

... 182 Executive Order 11990, 15, 93 Wind, 2, 23, 26, 67, 75, 110, 165 Wisconsin, 41, 64 z Zoning, 3, 49, 50, 64-65, 82, 102, 104 INDEX A- and V-zones, 62, 63, 74-76, 77-78, 91 Federal Insurance Rate Maps, 18, 74, 76-77 arc also Erosion hazard zones; Floodplains; Setback requirements

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Index Pages 173-182

Index
Pages 173-182