Managing Coastal Erosion (1990) / Chapter Skim
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3. Management and Approaches
3. Management and Approaches
Pages 44-70
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From page 44... ...
methods available for erosion hazard reduction (engineered projects) and building and land use management; and ~ institutional variation of federal approaches to coastal management.
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From page 45... ...
. Shorelines within such facilities generally are uninhabited except for private inholdings, which are common in several of the major national seashores (e.g., Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Fire Island, New York; Assateague Island, Virginia and Maryland; and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina)
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From page 46... ...
This growth was accompanied by the development of infrastructure in the form of sewer lines, water lines, access routes, and beach protection and nourishment projects, largely subsidized by the federal government. Furthermore, the availability of federal flood insurance has been identified as at least a marginal incentive to further coastal development (U.S.
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From page 47... ...
of 1982 (discussed later In this chapter) prohibits further federal flood insurance coverage and other federal incentives to development for undeveloped and unprotected coastal barriers.
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i: coastal property owners, developers and builders, evolved in coastal land developo homeowner associations, . neighbors or other residents affected by the use of a particular site, lenders, and .
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From page 49... ...
are required to ascertain and inform borrowers as to whether a site is located within a "special flood hazard area" identified by the National Flood Insurance Program (NF1P)
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From page 50... ...
(Eroding shores within designated units of the Coastal Barrier Resource System already are off limits to federal infrastructure funding and flood insurance under the CBRA of 1982.) In summary, the development and management of land subject to coastal erosion are influenced by the actions of diverse private and public participants.
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From page 51... ...
RELEVANT FEDERAL PROGRAMS Since the 1930s, Congress has created a variety of programs and initiatives relating to management of coastal areas, including the Great Lakes. These have pursued a number of objectives, some of them in conflict with others (e.g., navigation, national defense, public recreation, riparian rights, public trust for underwater lands, protection of fish and wildlife resources, economic development, mitigation of pollution, and reduction of losses owing to natural hazards, including coastal erosion)
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From page 52... ...
4. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management: funding and technical assistance to support state coastal zone management programs.
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From page 53... ...
Coastal erosion has adversely affected many of these facilities, notably Cape Cod, where a single winter storm in 1978 destroyed parking lots, access roads, visitor facilities, and a national landmark, the "Outermost House." The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is another major national historic landmark managed by the NPS that is threatened by coastal erosion. An NRC study of options to preserve that lighthouse recommended that it be moved landward rather than constructing shore protection structures (National Research Council, 1988~.
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From page 54... ...
. The act declared a national policy favoring better management of coastal land and water resources, cited the need for federal-state collaboration in planning for nonfederal portions of the coastal zone, and authorized funds to assist states in developing and administering their own coastal management plans.
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From page 55... ...
They have developed evacuation plans, paid for the construction and restoration of sand dunes, and designed protection structures and beach restoration plans. Federal Emergency Management Agency The NF1P was established in 1968, and it has become the principal expression of federal policy on riverine and coastal flood hazards.
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From page 56... ...
METHODS FOR EROSION HAZARD REDUCTION Introduction Various options exist to reduce the erosion hazard to public and private buildings and infrastructure. These options include soft structural (e.g., beach nourishment)
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Projects so located should be considered as "feeder beaches" rather than nourishment projects. Many examples of both successful and unsuccessful beach nourishment projects exist.
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= em .~ 'A as_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 100 200 300 500 600 OFFSHORE DISTANCE (m) FIGURE 3-1 Effect of nourishment material scale parameter, AF, on width of resulting dry beach.
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From page 59... ...
A field of groins or groins placed as terminal structures might be particularly appropriate to retain material placed in a beach nourishment project. Additionally, a field of groins or a single long "terminal structures may be suitable near the end of a littoral system such as adjacent to a channel entrance.
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From page 60... ...
They also promote sediment deposition leeward of the structures. Most offshore breakwaters built for shore protection are segmented and detached; thus, they provide substantial protection to the shoreline without completely stopping Tongshore sand transport.
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From page 61... ...
SAND BYPASSING Inlets, navigation channels, and harbor entrances all interrupt the natural flow of sediment transport along the shoreline. The interrupted flow of sand is diverted either offshore in ebb tide shoals, into bays or lagoons in flood tide shoals, or in navigation channels.
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From page 62... ...
One prorn~sing approach to coastal management Is to influence the location, elevation, and design of new or substantially redeveloped structures through public building and land use controls. The NF1P in particular has fostered the adoption of floodplain management standards by some 1200 coastal communities nationally, containing an estimated 43 million people (Congressional Research Service, 1987~.
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From page 64... ...
THE TAKING ISSUE Since the late 1960s, land use and building regulations have been applied widely by states and local governments to regulate development in areas subject to special limitations such as floodplains and wetlands. Such regulations often impose severe restrictions on the rights of private landowners to fill or build in designated flood hazard or wetland areas.
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From page 65... ...
2d 129) specifically addressed public setback regulations designed to mitigate coastal flooding and erosion hazards on an Atlantic Coast barrier island.
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From page 66... ...
The alternative site may lack the view and/or direct shoreline access that are often the reason for waterfront property ownership. However, a structure threatened by imminent collapse essentially is valueless and poses substantial potential costs to the community in terms of lost tax revenue, deterioration related to disinvestment/ abandonment, clearance of wreckage, casualty Toss deductions from income tax liability, disaster relief payments, and flood insurance loss payments.
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From page 67... ...
Potential federal funding sources include, among others, Section 1362 of the National Flood Insurance Act, the Land and Water Conservation Fund, and Section 306A of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act. The community plans also can identify state and local resources that will be devoted to this program.
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From page 68... ...
Where applicable, attention also can be given to establishing a program to identify and finance appropriate shore protection investments. Community education programs can inform land owners, developers, realtors, purchasers, and the public about flood and erosion hazards, associated public cost, and local management requirements for hazard areas.
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From page 69... ...
1987. Managing Coastal Development Through the Coastal Zone Management and Flood Insurance Programs: Experience to Date and the Views from Selected States.
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From page 70... ...
1982. National Flood Insurance: Marginal Impact on Floodplain Development.
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