Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry (2011) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 39-59
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From page 39... ...
For example, observational methods for monitoring rules compliance consists of ride-along, mystery rider, observation external to the vehicle, speed monitoring, video data recording, and safety audit. Where appropriate, sample documents illustrate the implementation of the practice.
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From page 40... ...
The information about training should include why the transit agency is sponsoring it, the training goals and objectives, and any potential benefits to the employee and the agency. 40 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry Category Practices Screening and Selecting Employees Screening and Selecting Employees Training/Testing Effective Training Preparation Information Transfer Methods Action-Based Rules Training Assessing Effectiveness of Rules Training Crew Resource Management Communication Proactive Rules Communication Opportunities to Ask Questions Communicating Changes to Rules Positive Safety Language Customer Feedback Monitoring Rules Compliance Operational Testing Observational Methods Automated Methods Responding to Noncompliance See Chapter 3 for investigating and responding to noncompliance Rule Evaluation Task Analysis Improving Training Improving Workspace, Tools and Equipment Improving Safety Culture Behavioral Coaching Discipline Safety Management Assessing the Rules Compliance Program Encouraging Employee Involvement Reporting Near-Misses and Other Safety Risks Incentivizing Rules Compliance Table 10.
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From page 41... ...
Refresher training. Transit agencies as well as organizations in other safetycritical industries provide periodic training throughout the year to reinforce initial rules training.
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It is sometimes defined as "the management of errors." 42 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry ✓ Pre/Post tests that evaluate understanding how a rule is applied ✓ % of rules with examples ✓ % of rules with practice opportunities ✓ Annual opportunities for refresher training ✓ % of scheduled refresher training completed ✓ % of action-based training that incorporates positive feedback during training ✓ Course evaluation containing questions about frequency and quality of feedback during training
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Best Practices You Can Use 43 ✓ Number of teams trained Communication Communication plays a key role in a safety-related rules compliance program. A number of techniques exist for informing employees of new rules as well as encouraging compliance.
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Having a blame-free safety culture in the organization assures employees that there will be no retribution for asking questions. 44 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry Figure 6.
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Meet and Greet involves the supervisor explaining the new rule to each employee on a one-on-one basis. The advantage of this approach is that it provides the employee an opportunity to task questions and the transit agency is certain that each employee knows about and understands the rule change.
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46 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry Figure 8. Super Vision guidance document for San Diego Trolley, Inc., supervisors.
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From page 47... ...
✓ Number of reports regarding operator behavior ✓ Average follow-up time Monitoring Rules Compliance A formal operational testing program is one method for monitoring compliance with safetyrelated rules. Monitoring may involve observational and/or automated data collection methods.
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Many public transit agencies have adopted this model and created operational testing programs for light rail, subway, and bus operations. The elements of an operational testing program are the following: • Organizational responsibility • Employees covered • Rules covered and testing methods for conducting tests • Frequency of testing and number of tests • Employee notification and recordkeeping • Corrective action Organizational Responsibility Transit agencies use a variety of organizational structures to administer their safety-related rules compliance programs.
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From page 49... ...
Employees Covered In accordance with FRA regulations, all locomotive engineers and conductors must have periodic operational tests. Transit agencies with heavy or light rail systems should have an operational testing program for their vehicle operators as part of their system safety plan.
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50 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry Figure 11. Log used by MBTA observers for heavy rail testing.
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The ride-along, mystery rider, and observer in a separate vehicle should all have a checklist to guide their observations. Best Practices You Can Use 51 MBTA Safety Rules Compliance Program The NTSB's report on a collision between two MBTA light rail trains in May 2008 pointed to the lack of an established formal testing program that would provide a comprehensive evaluation of employee rule compliance.
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From page 52... ...
A data logger mounted on the interior of the vehicle records exceptional forces such as hard braking, swerving or a collision. When an event triggers the data logger, the data describing the event along with related video data is either saved on the data logger for later download or transmitted wirelessly to a central location.
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For example, acknowledge miles or hours of incident free driving. • Use video clips of near-miss incidents at safety meetings and training sessions to reinforce the need for safe driving practices and rules.
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✓ Number of safety audits ✓ Number and types of problems observed and coached Review Radio Transmissions If radio transmissions are recorded, reviewing them provides a means to check proper radio procedure. A field observer can complement visual observations with the operator's communication with the dispatcher or operations center during the operational test thus providing a more complete picture of rules compliance.
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From page 55... ...
Office of System Safety (OSS) , Bus and Rail Field Operations Division began a safety audit program in mid-May 2007 designed to observe on-track work and correct any unsafe work practices or safety rule noncompliance.
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56 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry For one major railroad, a typical month resulted in 4,269 different items examined on the event recorder downloads. Of these, there were 142 exceptions of which 30 were found to be significant.
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This topic, including best practices, is reviewed in greater detail in Chapter 2. A majority of transit agencies subscribe to some form of a progressive discipline program with a no tolerance policy for egregious and criminal acts.
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Posters or other notices may inform employees of the existence of the safety committee and how to offer suggestions to either the committee or the safety department. 58 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry ✓ Number of management/labor committees ✓ Number of posters/notices inviting employees to express concerns Reporting Near-Misses and Other Safety Risks Safety reporting system.
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From page 59... ...
activities such as attending a voluntary rules or safety training class, coaching another employee, making a presentation at a department safety meeting, or suggesting a change in procedure that improves safety-related rules compliance. This type of system makes it possible for every employee to receive an incentive in recognition of accumulating a set point level.
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