Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry (2011) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 6-20
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DiFiore and Cardosi (2006) found pilot reports of air traffic control (ATC)
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The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is a well-known error and violation taxonomy used in aviation and served as the basis for the pilot safety reporting system in the railroad industry that is reviewed in Appendix C (Wiegmann and Shappell 2001)
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Pilots are often familiar with the standard taxi routes at the airports they frequently fly to. However, due to unexpected operational changes, air traffic controllers sometimes instruct pilots to traverse a different taxi route.
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. Workload The study of workload has a long history in psychology as well as human factors transportation research.
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Therefore, the operator was erroneously assigned blame instead of the many contextual fac10 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry
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In this light, researchers have begun to examine the factors that moderate risk perception including its effect on rules compliance. Diaz and Resnick (2000)
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requires trainees to practice half of a training task and then observe a partner performing the remaining half of the task. Results from 12 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry
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(2002) found that PC-based risk awareness training reduces the likelihood of risk-taking behavior, though this research only examined young, inexperienced drivers.
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Hartman, Kurtz, and Moser reported the following examples of incentives offered by public transit agencies: 14 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry
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Changing a person's behavior through reinforcement and their attitudes through education may enhance rules compliance more than either would alone. Many employers view their compensation programs as sufficient motivators for the job roles they define and are not inclined to adopt incentive programs.
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Linking a point system to the following safety-promoting behaviors is reportedly effective: • Attending safety meetings • Leading a safety meeting • Writing, reviewing, and revising a job safety analysis • Conducting periodic safety audits • Certain safe work habits Using Discipline Effectively Discipline, in the form of punishment, is often used by managers to quell noncompliance. Punishment is most often used as a last resort when other interventions do not prove effective.
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Leading indicators focus on process and are achievement-oriented while lagging indicators are avoidance-oriented. Leading indicators include measures such as number of individuals trained, number of safety meetings, number of safety-related communications, and number of reports to a safety reporting system.
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presents the IDEAL components of a BBS program. They include the following: • Identify unsafe behaviors • Develop appropriate observation lists • Educate everyone and train observers • Assess ongoing safety behaviors • Limitless feedback 18 Improving Safety-Related Rules Compliance in the Public Transportation Industry
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Procedures and Rules While not traditionally part of most formal safety culture and climate assessments, the perceptions of and attitudes toward safety rules and procedures provide an indicator of whether or not individuals within an organization accept and value them. Rules and procedural adherence can be improved when management partners with labor to create safety rules and procedures.
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Summary Points • There must be a top-level management commitment to safety that permeates the public transit agency from the top level all the way down to the employees. • Safety reporting systems, hazard analyses, and safety management systems are all effective ways to improve a public transit agency's safety culture thereby improving rules compliance.
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