Hydroacoustic Impacts on Fish from Pile Installation (2011) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 1-26
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 1... ...
Free gas in the swim bladder, blood, and tissue of fishes along with gas in solution in blood and other fluids can respectively experience a change in volume and state (e.g. expansion and contraction and/or bubble formation and C O N T E N T S Summary, 1 Chapter 1 Background, 4 Potential Effects of Pile Driving Sounds on Fish, 5 Study Rationale, 5 Study Goal and Objectives, 7 Previous Studies Using Similar Equipment, 7 Chapter 2 Methods, 7 Study Fish, 7 Fish Maintenance, 8 Sound Exposure Apparatus and Methods, 8 Sounds, 8 HICI-FT Sound Control Operation, 9 General Experimental Procedures, 10 Barotrauma Analysis and Characterization, 10 Response Variable Derivation, 10 Statistical Analysis, 12 Chapter 3 Results, 12 Sound Exposures, 12 Barotrauma, 12 Chapter 4 Discussion, 17 Overview, 17 Rejection of the Equal Energy Hypothesis for Pile Driving, 18 Relationship Between Pile Driving Exposure and Biological Response, 18 Chapter 5 Application to Pile Driving Projects, 19 Background, 19 Derivation of Exposure Criteria, 20 Chapter 6 Future Research, 21 References, 23 Acronyms, 24 Appendices A Through H, 24 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
|
From page 2... ...
The HICI-FT is constructed of a thick stainless steel tube that has a moving coil shaker at either end of the tube for sound stimulation. The HICI-FT system enabled presentation of pile driving sounds in the laboratory and provided control of the parameters that affect pile driving signals.
|
From page 3... ...
Large amount of blood pooling in more severe cases Could affect swimming ability Could affect ability to regulate buoyancy; could potentially affect hearing Related to swim bladder, caused from swim bladder Potential short-term damage but potential longterm consequences for reproductive success Dilated capillaries near skin, respiratory acidosis, stress with a predisposition, or severe damage Dilated capillaries near skin, respiratory acidosis, stress with a predisposition, or severe damage Dilated capillaries near skin, respiratory acidosis, or stress with a predisposition, or severe damage Fin is near intestinal portal system Fin is near the heart portal system Dilated capillaries near skin, caused by respiratory acidosis, stress with a predisposition, or severe damage Negatively buoyant, which could be beneficial for less barotrauma, quick recovery by surface air gulp Negatively buoyant, which could be beneficial for less barotrauma, quick recovery by surface air gulp
|
From page 4... ...
These impulsive sound exposure criteria would allow up to two Mild injuries and would not allow for a single Moderate injury. An RWI biological response criterion of 2 is conservative, while it also raises the current interim exposure criteria to a higher level for impulsive sounds, which take into account more acoustic metrics.
|
From page 5... ...
Study Rationale Origin of Current Interim Criteria To date, the only regulation of the sound levels from pile driving activities are interim physiological injury onset criteria being used for pile driving projects on the U.S. west coast.
|
From page 6... ...
The Mad River study was well designed and had appropriate controls, properly performed pathology, and appropriate recordings of received sound levels. On-site necropsies and histopathology results showed no mortality and no tissue damage that could be related to pile driving to fish exposed to SELcum as high as 194 dB 1 μPa2s, and no statistically significant differences between experimental and control animals were detected (Caltrans, 2010b)
|
From page 7... ...
Study Goal and Objectives The goals of this study were to assess the effects of exposure to high-intensity pile driving sounds on Chinook salmon physiology and to develop an understanding of the sound exposure(s) that result in the onset of physiological impact on fish.
|
From page 8... ...
It enabled presentation of actual pile driving sounds in the laboratory and allowed for control of the number, duration, and other aspects of the pile driving sounds. Thus, it was possible to present stimuli at different cumulative sound levels, single-strike levels, and total number of strikes, using eight different pile driving signals.
|
From page 9... ...
The HICI-FT is shown in the horizontal position used during sound exposure.
|
From page 10... ...
The Moderate trauma category included observed injuries likely to adversely impact fish health, but which, when considered individually, were likely recoverable under ideal conditions (i.e., no additional stressors) without being Mortal (Casper et al., in prep.)
|
From page 11... ...
Large amount of blood pooling in more severe cases Could affect swimming ability Could affect ability to regulate buoyancy; could potentially affect hearing Related to swim bladder, caused from swim bladder Potential short-term damage but potential longterm consequences for reproductive success Dilated capillaries near skin, respiratory acidosis, stress with a predisposition, or severe damage Dilated capillaries near skin, respiratory acidosis, stress with a predisposition, or severe damage Dilated capillaries near skin, respiratory acidosis, or stress with a predisposition, or severe damage Fin is near intestinal portal system Fin is near the heart portal system Dilated capillaries near skin, caused by respiratory acidosis, stress with a predisposition, or severe damage Negatively buoyant, which could be beneficial for less barotrauma, quick recovery by surface air gulp Negatively buoyant, which could be beneficial for less barotrauma, quick recovery by surface air gulp
|
From page 12... ...
A complete statistical analysis is shown in Appendix E CHAPTER 3 RESULTS Sound Exposures A primary objective of this project was to test the hypothesis that the magnitude of barotrauma effects increased with increasing exposure to pile driving sounds as measured in terms of cumulative sound exposure level (SELcum)
|
From page 13... ...
was linearly related to SELcum, and fish exposed to a common value of SELcum using 960 or 1,920 strikes had statistically different RWI values. Using a balanced design for Treatments 2 through 11 (i.e., these had pairs of common values; Treatment 1 did not)
|
From page 14... ...
There is a higher level of RWI values for the 960 strike treatments, which can be seen when comparing the ln (RWI+1) regressions lines for each 1,920 and 960-strike treatment (Figure 4)
|
From page 15... ...
, 6 fish had 1 injury, and 24 fish had 0 injuries. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 170 R W I RWI 1920 RWI 960 173 SELss 188185182179176 Figure 7 Individual RWI values by SELss.
|
From page 16... ...
Figure 8 Panel A is the background layer plotting the SELcum contours (dashed lines) by SELcum, by SELss, and number of strikes within the treatment range.
|
From page 17... ...
identifies the criteria for acceptable pile driving sound exposure given a selected response outcome or RWI value. For example, if a RWI of 2 was selected as the maximum acceptable level of biological response for a pile driving project, during project planning the likely SELss and number of strikes needed to drive each pile could be considered to identify alternative pile driving strategies to avoid exposures that would risk exceedance of the selected RWI value.
|
From page 18... ...
This complex relationship between exposure and response is summarized for juvenile Chinook salmon in Figure 8. Data from this study demonstrate that as energy levels of pile driving exposures increase there is a statistically significant increase in the severity of barotrauma injuries.
|
From page 19... ...
Pile drivers seem to have accepted restrictive schedules in consideration of the expected high cost and complexities of assessing the exposure and impacts to fishes during times when the species of concern may be present. While exposure criteria are defined for a point in the volume of water ensonified by pile driving sounds, both the generated sound field and the risks to exposed fishes are four-dimensional (time and three-dimensional location in the ensonified volume)
|
From page 20... ...
Conversely, for this example, as range from the pile doubles from 10 m to 20 m, SELss would decrease to 177.75 dB from 180 dB re 1 μPa2s, affected volume would increase from 314H m3 to 1,257 H m3, and the expected biological response would decrease to an RWI of approximately 1, the equivalent of 1 Mild injury. Derivation of Exposure Criteria Terms used to express exposure criteria relate directly to the pile driving activity and the maximum acceptable impulsive sound exposure at the identified monitoring location in an operating permit.
|
From page 21... ...
The reason is that acceptable biological responses will be the initial selected variable in consultation between regulatory agencies and those wanting to drive piles. In addition, the type of pile, hammer, and pile driving conditions will likely be determined during project planning, and available information will permit estimation of the expected SELss value.
|
From page 22... ...
It would be useful to learn if the biological responses for each assay lies along a continuum for impulsive sound exposure. If the responses fall on a continuum, then a useful comparison would be TTS and barotrauma sensitivities modeled as measures for the onset of effect and/or injury in fish from exposure to impulsive sound.
|
From page 23... ...
2007. Update on recommendations for revised interim sound exposure criteria for fish during pile driving activities.
|
From page 24... ...
HAT hearing assessment tube HICI-FT High Intensity Controlled Impedance Fluid-filled wave Tube IACUC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ln natural log MS-222 tricaine methanesulfonate MSL Marine Sciences Laboratory (Battelle) NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service PVC polyvinyl chloride RWI response weighted index SEL sound exposure level SELcum cumulative sound exposure level SELss single-strike sound exposure level SPL sound pressure level SPLpeak peak sound pressure level SPLrms root mean square sound pressure level TBI traumatic brain injury TTS temporary threshold shift APPENDICES A THROUGH H Appendices A through H can be found on the TRB website at http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRB NetProjectDisplay.asp?
|
From page 25... ...
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following individuals contributed to NCHRP Project 25-28: Michele B Halvorsen, Battelle -- Pacific Northwest Division, Sequim, WA, and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD; Brandon M
|
From page 26... ...
Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 These digests are issued in order to increase awareness of research results emanating from projects in the Cooperative Research Programs (CRP)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.