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From page 7... ... This synthesis documents information on materials, specificaSenior Program Officer tion requirements, design details, application methods, system performance, and costs of Transportation waterproofing membranes used on new and existing bridge decks since 1995. The synthesis Research Board focuses on North American practices with some information provided about systems used in Europe and Asia. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... CONTENTS 1SUMMARY 3 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background and History, 3 Membrane Systems, 4 Recent Usage, 4 Scope, 6 7 CHAPTER TWO WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE SYSTEMS Materials, 7 Specifications and Standards, 8 Selection Criteria, 12 Design Details, 12 Construction and Inspection, 17 Performance, 20 Costs, 22 Repairs, 23 24 CHAPTER THREE TESTING AND RESEARCH Laboratory Testing, 24 Evaluating Field Installations, 24 Recent Research, 26 27 CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDS Conclusions, 27 Future Research, 28 30REFERENCES 33 APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 40 APPENDIX B SUMMARY OF RESPONSES TO SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... More states reported using them on existing bridge decks to prolong the service life rather than installing them on new bridge decks at the time of construction. The reasons agencies do not use waterproofing membranes include nonuse of deicing salts, poor performance of membranes in the past, the use of alternative deck protection strategies, and the preference for having an exposed concrete deck to observe any deterioration. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... Agencies that used waterproofing membranes expect them to last 16 to 20 years when installed on new bridge decks and 6 to 20 years when installed on existing bridge decks. This expectation is often dictated by the service life of the asphalt wearing surface, which includes one resurfacing of the asphalt. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... , respondents were asked to identify 57: Durability of Concrete Bridge Decks (4 ) , reported that which waterproofing membrane systems they had used concrete bridge deck durability continued to be a problem in the past and which they were using in 2004. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... . Other components are reported that they have installed waterproofing membranes used to improve adhesion of the membrane to the deck and to on concrete bridge decks since 1994. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... When used results of four surveys between 1974 and 1994 about the on adjacent box beam bridges, the membranes cracked at the use of waterproofing membranes on new or existing bridge interface between the box beams, allowing water and salt to decks. Table 1 reproduces a portion of this table, along with penetrate. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... bridge deck protection strategies. Agencies that do not use or have discontinued their use The information in the synthesis was gathered from of waterproofing membranes provided numerous reasons for literature reviews and surveys of highway agencies in the their decision, including the following: United States through the AASHTO Highway Subcommit tee on Bridges and Structures and in the Canadian provinces � Do not use deicing salts on bridge decks or experience through the Transportation Association of Canada. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... ing membranes were used in North America in 2000: pre formed sheets, liquid membranes, and built-up systems. Materials used to form the sheet membranes are described Preformed sheets were most often used in the United States, by the various manufacturers as rubberized asphalt, bitumi- while a liquid membrane of hot applied rubberized asphalt nous membrane, polymer-modified asphalt, modified bitu- was used exclusively in Canada. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... Materials listed for use with asphalt membrane For roadway surfaces of bridge decks, the protective cover systems are required to conform to one or more of the fol- to the waterproofing system is required to consist of a layer of lowing ASTM specifications published by ASTM Interna- special asphalt concrete as specified in the contract documents. tional, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: The AASHTO specifications require that all concrete sur � D41 Standard Specification for Asphalt Primer Used in faces to be waterproofed shall be reasonably smooth and free Roofing, Dampproofing, and Waterproofing (used for of foreign matter, projections, or holes. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... cized asphalt, reinforced with open-weave fiberglass � Install reinforcing membrane over cold joints and mesh and having a thin polyester top surface film. cracks in the concrete deck. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... for Roofing and Waterproofing D1777 Standard Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials D3236 Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Hot Melt Adhesives and Coating Materials D3515 Standard Specification for Hot-Mixed, Hot-Laid Bituminous Paving Mixtures Historical Standard D4071 Standard Practice for Use of Portland Cement Concrete Bridge Deck Water Barrier Membrane System D4541 Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers D4632 Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles D4787 Standard Practice for Continuity Verification of Liquid or Sheet Linings Applied to Concrete Substrates D6153 Standard Specification for Materials for Bridge Deck Waterproofing Membrane Systems D6690 Standard Specification for Joint and Crack Sealants, Hot Applied, for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements E96/E96M Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials E154 Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Retarders Used in Contact with Earth Under Concrete Slabs, on Walls, or as Ground Cover Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... The Ontario provincial specification OPSS 914, Construction Specifications for Waterproofing Bridge United Kingdom Practices Decks with Hot Applied Asphalt Membranes (10 ) provides the most details, including separate specifications for the In 1999, the United Kingdom Department for Transport hot applied rubberized asphalt membrane and the protec- (UKDOT) Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... that that responded to this question indicated that they had no use membranes reported that they have criteria for when standard details for the items listed. In contrast, only two waterproofing membranes are used on new bridge decks. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... Figure 9 presents their responses. More than 60% of the respondents use A 1995 scanning review of European bridge structures idenprimers applied to the concrete and a tack coat before appli- tified the use of bridge deck waterproofing systems as a sigcation of the asphalt. Read the entire page →

From page 7...

... This synthesis documents information on materials, specificaSenior Program Officer tion requirements, design details, application methods, system performance, and costs of Transportation waterproofing membranes used on new and existing bridge decks since 1995. The synthesis Research Board focuses on North American practices with some information provided about systems used in Europe and Asia.