Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol Problems Research Opportunities (1990) / Chapter Skim
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2 Epidemiology of Alcohol-Related Problems
2 Epidemiology of Alcohol-Related Problems
Pages 31-46
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From page 31... ...
For example, many studies demonstrate that victims of trauma had a history of alcohol abuse or were exposed to alcohol when injury occurred; yet the process of developing effective interventions is constrained because the mechanisms through which alcohol use causes traumatic events are not thoroughly understood. Moreover, the inability to identify the specific risk attributable to alcohol use for such events as automobile crashes limits the ability to design evaluations for interventions.
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From page 32... ...
Type II studies compare the incidence of injury among populations being treated for alcohol abuse with the incidence among standard populations. Type III studies compare the frequency of the presence of alcohol in injury victims with the frequency of alcohol among cases of illness or death owing to natural causes.
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From page 33... ...
Moreover, the consistency of research results may vary greatly depending on how or if alcohol exposure is personalized. Some studies base exposure on self-reports, whereas others define measured exposure (breathalyser readings or blood alcohol levels)
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From page 34... ...
In 1986, 23,987 traffic deaths, 52 percent of the total, involved a driver or pedestrian who had been drinking; 16,728, or 36 percent of the total involved someone with a blood alcohol level above 0.10 percent (Fell and Klein, 1986~. Many of the victims of drunk driving crashes were not drinking at the time of the events, and more than one-third of alcohol-related vehicular deaths were persons other than drinking drivers (i.e., passengers, other drivers, or pedestrians)
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From page 35... ...
Type III studies comparing alcohol exposure among fall victims with alcohol exposure among cases of illness or death resulting from natural causes reported that fall victims were from 2.5 to 10 times more likely to have been drinking than nontrauma comparison cases. There has been one casecontrol (i.e., Type IV)
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From page 36... ...
In addition, immersion in cold water increases venous pressure and pulse, and could lead to cardiovascular collapse through ventricular fibrillation (Giersten, 1970~. The Coast Guard has conducted tests demonstrating that environmental ~stressors" (e.g., sun, wind, glare, vibrations, wave motion associated with water activities)
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From page 37... ...
Finally, several studies suggest that hepatic dysfunction from chronic alcohol abuse decreases the probability of surviving serious burns (Rittenbury et al., 1965; Crikelair et al., 1968~. A number of studies (Type I)
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From page 38... ...
CHILD ABUSE There is a widespread impression among direct service workers, which in turn is conveyed to the general public by the mass media, that child abuse and neglect are strongly associated with alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Literature reviews of this topic, however, indicate that research about possible associations between alcohol and child abuse has yielded contradictory findings (El-Guebaly and Offord, 1977; Epstein, Cameron, and Room, 1977; Hamilton and Collins, 1981; Orme and Rimmer, 1981~.
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From page 39... ...
Five reports found no association between alcohol use and child abuse (Steele and Polloch, 1968; Smith, Hanson, and Nobel, 1973; Ellwood, 1980; Herman and Hirschman, 1981; Emslie and Rosenfeld, 1983~. Four studies noted histories of alcohol abuse among child abusers (Bryant et al., 1963; Baldwin and Oliver, 1975; Rada, 1976; Ellwood, 1980)
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From page 40... ...
Because women who drink heavily during pregnancy are also more likely to smoke cigarettes and to take psychoactive drugs during pregnancy, any deleterious effects of alcohol on the developing fetus may be superimposed on the adverse consequences of those other habits. Studies of special strains of inbred mice and limited studies in humans suggest that genetic determinants in the mother probably influence maternal alcohol metabolism (Chernoff, 1980~.
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From page 41... ...
Babies who manifest the full range of FAS physical anomalies and mental retardation are readily recognized by physicians who are aware of the syndrome. However, some children may exhibit only mild growth deficiency and learning disabilities as indicators of prenatal alcohol exposure.
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R Maternal alcohol metabolism in fetal alcohol syndrome.
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From page 43... ...
The effects of moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy on fetal growth and morphogenesis.
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From page 44... ...
Epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome among American Indians of the southwest. In Alcohol and Health: Sixth Special Report to the U.S.
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From page 45... ...
In National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Consumption and Related Problems.
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From page 46... ...
Fifth Special Report to the U.S Congress on Alcohol and Health.
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