Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 The Structure and Function of the Immune System and Mechanisms of Immunotoxicology
2 The Structure and Function of the Immune System and Mechanisms of Immunotoxicology
Pages 23-32
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 23... ...
These immunoto~cologic Decays measure effects on humoral immunity, cel8-mediated immunity, macrophage function, naturalkiller-cell cytotoxiaty, and pytol~e activity in animals Recent developments in monoblm nal antibody technology and the advances In cell-culture techniques and molecular biology allow immunotoxicolo~ts to examine the molecular mechanisms of action of drugs and chemicals. Certain chemical exposures and doses lint do not affect particular organs can result in immune dysfunction.
|
From page 24... ...
Target cells are Tally infected or ~ansformed cells whose elimination win prevent the progression of a Virus infection or tumor development, respectively. Target cells have surface antigens that bind to antigen-specific receptors on the surfaces of killer T cells.
|
From page 25... ...
The Class I MHC protein defines transplantation antigens normally recopied during graft rejection and present an all nucleated cells. The Class I!
|
From page 26... ...
As a result of the clonal expansion, Me number of these specificaDy reactive T and B ceBs increases so that subsequent Riposte to the same antigen leads to a rapid' specific June response, the seconcla~y response, which Is ~ractenzed by increased secretion of antibody or proliferation of specific populations of effector T cells (Katz, 1977; Paul, 1984; CIaman, 1987; Golub, 1987~. As an immune response occurs, a decrease of the T cells is likely and negative feedback into the earlier phases prevents the' excessive reaction.
|
From page 27... ...
Inhaled antigens cross tile mucous membranes of the nose, sinuses, "d lower respirator tract to cause an increase ~ mucus secretion, congestion, and edema of the mucous membranes. Constriction of bronchi "d bronchiolar smooth muscles limits pulmonary air exchange and causes wheezing.
|
From page 28... ...
28 ~ so: ~ o · s t; A: o ~ 'A c)
|
From page 29... ...
If erythrocytes are the target cells, chronic destruction leads to severe anemia. These reactions often occur when IgM or IgG antibody reacts with native ceB-surface antigens, with drugs, or with infectious agents that have become bound to the cell surface.
|
From page 30... ...
Such effecter cells are caned kiter T cells because they release chemicals that kill the target cell shortly after contact. Examples are found In a vanety of viral infections, chemical contact sensitivity, and drug reactions.
|
From page 31... ...
; lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by mitogens and specific antigens (xenobiotics) ; complement activation by specific xenobiotics; skin test response patterns to xenobiotics; ~ vitro lymphocyte and monoc~rte activation by xenobiotics, with measurement of Iymphokine secretion; and other markers found by the techniques of cellular and molecular biology that can sensitively assess the structure, faction, and complex interactions of the many compm Dents of the ~ une system.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.