Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 9-22
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From page 9... ...
, the Board on Environmental Studies and Tomcology In the National Research CouDcil's Commission on Life Sciences convened the Committee on Biologic Markers to examine the use of biologic markers in en~onmenta1 health research. Biol~c markers are broadly defined as Locators of events In biologic systems; they c" be variations in He number, structure, or function of cellular or biochemical components.
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From page 10... ...
. Immune responses are many and vaned, .
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From page 11... ...
The relationship between the immune system and the development of cancer has been recognized for years. In adopting standards on 13 occupational carcinogens in 1974, the Occupational SafeW and Health Administration required that fin all physics examinations, the en icing physician shall consider whether there exist conditions of increased risk including reduced immunological competence ...." Recent animal ~mmunotox~ci~ studies suggest that some environmental substances induce immune-system suppression.
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From page 12... ...
There has been an erosive e~pansion in interest and increased activity in immunologic markers because of AIDS. Many diseases are defined not only by dinic~ signs and symptoms but also by the assessment of biologic markers at the subceQular and molecular levels.
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From page 13... ...
Haptens alone cannot evoke an immune response; they must be covalently linked or stroppy bound to ~camer~ protege in the tissues. For instance, isoc~ranates react chemically with tissue pros teins, and nickel forms very strong tissue chelates.
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From page 14... ...
When there are clinically apparent health effects caused by in~muse-system dysfunction, changes In imm~e-system markers are often endent and serve as helpful indicators At9RKERS IN IMMUNOTO~COLO~Y of pathogenesis. Biologic markers of effect are usually less obvious dunug the inactive phases of immune-mediated disease.
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From page 15... ...
. The specific effect of pregnancy mvolYe He maternal immune response to paternally derived antigens of the fetus and placenta Placental antigens (mosOy from the major histocompab~bilibr complexes3 can evoke anybody, ceD~, and morphologic responses by the maternal immune system (GilL 1985)
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From page 16... ...
. PsychoneuroiTnmunology is a relatively new research area, but the Clinical literature Sllggesting dlat the immune system An be altered by psytholo~cal mew is old Nonspecific effects of neurogenic factors on the immune system are well established but specmc enects are difficult to explain and must be viewed tenth some skepticism.
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From page 17... ...
Although neuropsychologic, age-related, and hereditary factors can influence the functional mte~ty of the immune system, susceptibility to immune disorders also can be influenced by a variety of other conditions and behavioral and environment factors, and the markers of immunoto=aty clan be influenced by a vaneW of physiologic or pat}lolo~c processes, some of Chicle are completely unrelated to to~ncant exposure or immune function. These factors mcIude exposure to to~cants acting either directly or indirectly on the immune system, concurrent disease and the associated medications, dietary factors, and even daily or seasonal Donations in the exposure to lifts Table 1-2 TABS 1-2 Factors Influencing the Immune System and Associated Marked Factors Results Hormonal, diurnal, seasonal, age Environment, genetic, neurop~ychologic Viral, ndkettsial, bactenal, paretic ImmunoproLferative diseases Chronic reacquire disms" Acute reactive ~:s~ses Suppressive disorders Vanabili~ thin a healthy individual Variability between healthy ~nd~iduals Inf~ous din Myeloma, leukemia, Iymphoma Auto~une disease Allergies, asthma, death (anaphylams3 Increased host susceptl~Dities, dean (infection or cancer)
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From page 18... ...
Because of the geographic variability of air pollutants, immunoto~c differences shoed be considered in field studies that compare geographically disparate groups. There Is extensive evidence Tom human =d animal studies that elm sure to environmental tobacco smoke results ~ changes In the immune system (Holt and Keast, 1977)
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From page 19... ...
Immunologically mediated contact sensitivity reactions to drum, cosmetics, and soaps occurred conjunction with sunlight have significantly increased In the past two decades QIarber and Baer, 1972~. Guinea pigs are most often used ~ testing chemicals for their potential to produce i~nmunolo~cally mediated contact photosensitivity.
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From page 20... ...
Immunotomcolog~sts also speak of validated bioa~ays to indicate those that have been used in several laboratories and provide similar results for compounds that are known to alter immune function. These terms are used In this way In chapters 3 and 6 with regard to the animal tests discussed therein.
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From page 21... ...
Confounding factors can be controlled In epidem~olog~c study designs by restriction or matching and in analyses by stratification or multivariate methods. 21 ETHICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES The availability of highly sensitive assays that can identifier dose and effects resulting from the interplay between low-~evel e~m sures and genetic or acquired susceptibility raises several thorny ethical and moral questions.
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From page 22... ...
Chapter 5 reviews the tonaty and &ease that result from factors that suppress the immune system. Chapter 6 discusses the potential role of animal models In immune toxicology, and Chapter 7 assesses strategies for applying biologic markers of imm~otoxicily to humans.
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