The Academic Research Enterprise within the Industrialized Nations Comparative Perspectives (1990) / Chapter Skim
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Japan
Japan
Pages 39-50
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From page 39... ...
However, the Anglo-French naval blockade of Imperial Germany made such imports impossible; and the country was entirely thrown back on its own resources. The years 1914-1919 thus witnessed significant intellectual and institutional initiatives in science, including a small number of research professorships established for engineering and physics in connection with the University's Aeronautics Institute (founded 1918)
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From page 40... ...
But they did employ university professors as ad hoc consultants regarding foreign technology so often as to generate allegations that professors were neglecting students and their own research. These criticisms intensified when the war broke out, but the wartime need for indigenous research brought, if anything, a more (not less)
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From page 41... ...
Then during the Occupation years of the late 1940s, American policy actively encouraged Japanese decision-makers to emphasize applied research at which industry excelled at the expense of basic research (where universities were active) as a basic strategy for rebuilding the country.
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From page 42... ...
In medicine, however, degree programs and research facilities were available at a number of prefectural government medical colleges and two proprietary medical academies. The monopoly of scientific and technical education and research by a small number of government institutions was for many years a matter of policy, though rarely articulated in so blatant a form.
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From page 43... ...
than was true in the years before World War Two.~9 Organizational forms in research and education have been a persisting topic of debate among Japanese observers and increasingly among foreigners with particular attention being given to the so-called university "chair system." Unfortunately the subject is rarely discussed with real clarity by either group, the objective instead being to score political or ideological "points" against perceived opponents. Briefly stated, its critics have held that an organization headed by a single full professor with professional responsibility for, and supervisory authority over a laboratory group including junior faculty and graduate students cannot be trusted to act responsibly.
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From page 44... ...
Japanese leaders rejected this so-called "one chair rule" from the very beginning in favor of the French chair system which allowed the creation of multiple chairs per discipline at a given university based loosely on enrollment or perceived societal, including academic need. Nor were the Japanese very impressed by another prominent feature of the German academic system, namely the privatdozenten or unsalaried private lecturers who for a time offered some competition to the salaried academics.
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From page 45... ...
How to attract more foreign researchers to Japanese laboratories for extended periods of time, I believe, constitutes a more substantial challenge to the Japanese research community than any need or effort to change details of the scientific research funding system. Historically Japan has been relatively isolated from leading centers of science despite elaborate programs of overseas study, systematic journal translation efforts and other kinds of science reconnaissance.
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From page 46... ...
7. Details can be found in Hideo Sato's seminal paper "The Politics of Technology Importation in Japan: Lee Case of Atomic Power Reactors," pp.
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From page 47... ...
In 1988, Dr. Enrique Marcatili of Bell Laboratories, a leading specialist in optical communications, accepted a chair at Tokyo University endowed by Nippon Electric Corporation (NEC)
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From page 48... ...
Sato, H "The Politics of Technology Importation in Japan: The Case of Atomic Power Reactors." Paper presented at Conference on Technological Innovation and Diffusion in Japan, Social Sciences Research Council, Kona, Hawaii, February 7-11, 1978.
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