The Academic Research Enterprise within the Industrialized Nations Comparative Perspectives (1990) / Chapter Skim
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National Responses
National Responses
Pages 5-8
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With the emerging economic and scientific strength of Japan and Europe, policy-makers in the United States are now focusing increased attention to promoting the domestic industrial utilization of the substantial U.S. basic research capacity and to sustaining a large, decentralized, and expensive research system.
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In response to the relative international economic decline of Great Britain over the past decades, the government has recently embarked upon a comprehensive restructuring of its research system. Emerging British research policies focus on strategic research investments, increased research productivity, and diversification in funding sources.
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The postwar West German recovery required little transformation of its basically late- 1 9th century economic structure, but the combination of the impact of Allied occupation and the success of earlier techniques has left West Germany the master of innovation in the sciences and technologies of the "second industrial revolution." Efforts to construct a coherent science policy9 however, were long confounded by conflicting federal claims to manage the economic implications of science and state claims to administer its educational and cultural elements. Pressures to remain export-competitive are strong, but West Germany's ability to adapt to the research environment of the "third industrial revolution" information technologies and biotechnology-is still unclear.
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From page 8... ...
The primary performers of this increased French research and development activity including basic research-have been government research personnel, rather than university faculty who remain primarily teachers. Long-term research objectives in selected fields, such as molecular biology, have been successfully achieved within French government research institutes.
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