The Academic Research Enterprise within the Industrialized Nations Comparative Perspectives (1990) / Chapter Skim
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Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Republic of Germany
Pages 79-94
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From page 79... ...
The Federal Republic of Germany has approximately 60 million. In fact, it would take the Federal Republic of Germany, the East German Democratic Republic, and a sizeable portion of the United Kingdom to equal one Japan.
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From page 80... ...
His goal was to marry teaching and philosophical inquiry, which produced the much vaunted notion of German Wissenschaft, which we often translate as "science," but which I prefer to translate here as "scholarship," because it does not connote just the physical or natural sciences. Philosophical inquiry mated with teaching produced a fundamental challenge to the older faculties of medicine, theology, and law.
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From page 81... ...
Extra-university institutes were justified in very explicit terms by men such as Werner von Siemens, who was involved in setting up a national bureau government of standards. At one point in the debate about funding he argued: In the present and vigorously conducted struggle of peoples, the country that opens new paths and creates or enlivens important branches of industry has a decisive superiority.
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From page 82... ...
(1972) Federal Ministry for Federal Ministry for Research and Technology Education and Science Big Science Establishments Regional Science Parks International Cooperative Projects 82
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From page 83... ...
A profound and very useful ambiguity allowed the government and certain far-seeing university professors to extol the virtues of the science-technology interaction when they were discussing financial matters with industrialists or government figures, while stressing the distance of basic researchers from application when addressing the concerns of their more culturally conservative colleagues in the universities.6 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF AUTARKY The period 1914 to 1945 was characterized in general terms by the ascendance of autarky over trade as a means to economic security. One can view the entire period 1914 to 1945 the way Winston Churchill did, as a second Thirty Years War with a 20-year armistice separating periods of military combat at both ends.
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From page 84... ...
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN A NEW EXPORT ENVIRONMENT After a difficult initial period, the post-1945 West German environment has again been one of export.10 Allied occupation in 1945 to 1949 occurred in a time when Germans were living under miserable conditions. Allied occupation meant Allied "exploitation and control" as well, before aid like the Marshall Plan came on line.
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From page 85... ...
With Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard's emphasis on export trade, an economic upsurge occurred. Erhard argued that the key to economic security lay in exports and in his conception of a mixed economy.
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From page 86... ...
The Federal Ministry concerned with science had gone through a series of name and authority changes, and finally, in 1972, split into a Ministry for Research and Technology (which includes the Max Planck Society's nearly fifty institutes, the Fraunhofer Society, and various international cooperative projects such as the EUREKA Project) and a second Ministry for Education and Science, in which the German Research Association as a grant dispensing agency is located.
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From page 87... ...
A set of councils has determined policy and personnel allocations for the Academy and the other primary research institutions such as the universities. If Article 23 of the West German Basic Law were ever invoked, allowing an East German Land to join the Federal Republic, then the universities and various institutes of technology that predated the segregation of the German states in 1949 would probably be readily assimilated into a unified German research system.
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From page 88... ...
and Japan on the other have some interesting similarities when seen from the perspective of sluggishness of internal information flow. The Japanese, sensing this, frequently refer to theirs as an `'information society." Biotechnology also belongs to the "third industrial revolution." Two historical streams form a cultural confluence that impedes German developments, despite considerable government funding and plenty of scientific expertise.
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From page 89... ...
See B Schroeder-Gudehus, "Deutsche Wissenschaft und internationals Zusammenarbeit 1914-1928," (Ph.D.
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From page 90... ...
Only West German developments will be covered below, but a pertinent source on East Germany is R Bentley, Technological Change in the German Democratic Republic, Boulder, CO:Westview Press, 1984.
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From page 91... ...
Krieger' W "Zur Geschichte von Technologiepolitik und Forschungsfoerderung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Fine Problemskizze." Vierteljahrshefte fuer Zeitgeschichte 35, Heft 2 (April 1987~: pp.
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From page 92... ...
Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education, Das Bildungswesen u' der Bundesrepublik D~utschland. Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1979.
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