Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base (1992) / Chapter Skim
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L Agriculture
L Agriculture
Pages 798-807
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Crop yields have increased and multiple cropping has increased to enable more than a doubling of agricultural product. For a number of developing countries, this historical process has not yet been completed, however.
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from a 10 percent reduction in rice production or ruminant production in different regions is used in this analysis.) The United States is a minor contributor of CH4 from rice paddies and contributes virtually
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The mechanisms by which reductions in CH4 emissions in the United States and in other countries can be achieved include the following options: 1. Elimination of existing subsidies that stimulate more of the activity than dictated by market equilibrium conditions.
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Consequently, the United States has a relatively modest program of subsidies to rice producers. A price support program is in place, with support prices roughly 30 percent above export prices (Gardner, 1987~.
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Taxation of paddy rice in the United States could be undertaken, but would be difficult politically because subsidies are now in place. It should be noted, however, that the other major rice-exporting country, Thailand, has used a rice tax (called the rice premium J for years to reduce rice exports, realize a higher export price, and increase government revenues.
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that are higher than equilibrium market prices. This has been undertaken via import controls in EEC countries and via support prices and regulated trade in milk markets in the United States and in Europe as well (Barichello, 19841.
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Such surpluses have been a common phenomenon in the United States, Canada, and Europe, and in general, these countries have probably produced as much dairy products as would have been the case in an unregulated market even though consumers have consumed less (World Bank, 19871. Quantitative supply control programs could be employed to reduce both production and consumption further, however.
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Most cities and counties in developed countries regulate waste management largely for pollution reasons. Waste from animals is used widely as a fuel in many developing countries and as organic fertilizer in most countries.
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The World Bank Research Observer 1. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
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Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1:61-86. World Bank.
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