Ecological Risks Perspectives from Poland and the United States (1990) / Chapter Skim
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Long-Term Ecological Monitoring in the National Parks of Poland
Long-Term Ecological Monitoring in the National Parks of Poland
Pages 232-246
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From page 232... ...
Three types of bioindicators are usually distinguished: . scales of indicator species, noting the presence or absence of each species; · true indicators, e.g., individual species that exhibit damage proportional to dose; and accumulators or collectors of potentially toxic materials with or without internal damage (Grodzinski and Works, 1981~.
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From page 233... ...
MATERIALS AND METHODS Poland has 14 national parks and several hundred nature reserves which occupy less then 1% of the area of the country (Figure 1~. They cover fairly small areas, from 1,600 to 22,000 hectares, and are located from the Baltic coast through the central lowlands and uplands to the mountains (Table 1~.
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From page 234... ...
The green parts of this species represent usually two- to five-year increments, whereas the brown parts are older; · these species are more effective accumulators than others; · these species have been repeatedly used for estimates of environmental pollution in many countries (e.g., Rinne and Barclay-Estrup, 1980; Ruhling and Tyler, 1969, 1984; Ruhling et al., 1987~. Pleurozium schreben and Hylocomium splendens were collected from the same plots in 14 national parks in Poland twice in the autumns of 1976 and 1986.
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From page 235... ...
. Most of the heavy metals occurred in lowest concentrations in the mosses of the national parks in northern and eastern Poland; their highest concentrations were found in parks in the southern part of the country.
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From page 236... ...
in 14 National Parks index = (Ojcow NP) = sum of standardized values of 6 heavy metals According to this index, parks were classified as being relatively clean, moderately contaminated, or heavily contaminated.
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From page 237... ...
Ni, Pb, Zn, (pa g-1 dw) concentrations in Pleurozium schreben in the Polish national parks The mean contents of metals in the green and brown parts of the mosses are indicated for both the central and the peripheral areas of the parks.
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From page 238... ...
~ ti~1 ~> <\ 1 1 ECOLOGICAL RISKS l 19° , , 20~99 Pb Zn 19 l me, 5 . it accumulated metals, except nickel, in similar quantities, both in the center and at the edges of the parks (Table 3~.
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From page 239... ...
DISCUSSION The contamination of Polish national parks by heavy metals, determined by analyzing mosses, correlates well with the distribution of sources of industrial emissions in Poland (Kassenberg and Marek, 1986; Kassenberg and Rolewicz, 1985~. The parks in the southern parts of Poland
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From page 240... ...
. These parks lie within the range of emissions from the Silesian-Krakow, Legnica-Glogow, and Central Industrial regions.
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From page 241... ...
in the period from 19801984, but rose again in 1985 and 1986 to nearly 170,000 tons per year (GUS Statistical Yearbook, 1976-1986~. The decrease in the deposition of metallurgical dust was most pronounced in the large industrial regions (i.e., Silesia-Krakow, Legnica-Glogow, and the Central Region)
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From page 242... ...
/_. 5 FIGURE 3a Pollution index values for the Polish national parks defined as a sum of standardized contents of heavy metals in mosses.
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From page 243... ...
forest decline has been observed over the last decade, it should be attributed to other, gaseous, pollutants such as SO2 and NO. The differences in the contamination of mosses by heavy metals among
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From page 244... ...
The most endangered Polish parks have two to four times as much cadmium, nickel, lead, iron, zinc, and chromium than do the most heavily polluted parts of Sweden and Norway. As compared with the clean parts of northern Scandinavia, the heavily contaminated Polish national parks had three to five times as much nickel and zinc, over 70 times as much cadmium, and over 10 times as much lead and chromium in 1976.
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From page 245... ...
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Management of Polish national parks must take two special circumstances into consideration: the relatively small park areas and the heavy contamination of the air and water. The various types of protected areas in Poland such as national parks, nature reserves, and landscape parks presently cover 3.9 million hectares, which represents 10% of the total area of the country (GUS Statistical Yearbook, 1986~.
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From page 246... ...
1980. Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in NoIway studied by analysis of moss samples using neutron activations analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry.
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