National Interests in an Age of Global Technology (1991) / Chapter Skim
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A. INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY PROFILES
A. INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY PROFILES
Pages 91-137
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From page 91... ...
93 .98 Biotechnology . ~103 Chemical Process Industry 110 Computer Fainter Industry.
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From page 93... ...
and foreign companies who have limited whole-engine capability, that is, who are capable of designing, developing, manufacturing, selling, and supporting aircraft gas turbine engines, or major portions thereof, in some but not all segments of the market. The industry structure Is heavily Influenced by an extremely long product life cycle.
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From page 94... ...
In the past decade, alliances have been established between the prime manufacturers and the second-tier companies, and among the second-tier companies themselves, to share technology, reduce fixed costs, and increase market access. Typically, one of the prime manufacturers establishes a long-term business relationship with one or more of the second-tier companies to develop a new engine, which is then sold in regions or market seg ments where the partners enjoy some type of competitive advantage.
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From page 95... ...
However, the industry's sourcing structure for purchased parts does little to isolate one prime manufacturer's process technology from the other's: 24 of GE's 25 largest suppliers also sell similar components to Pratt & Whitney, and several of the second-tier companies have alliances with more than one of the prime manufacturers. In a major engine program, the role of the second-tier companies lies somewhere between the prime manufacturers and the vendor network of finished parts suppliers.
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From page 96... ...
As these smaller partners gain experience across several different engine programs, limited but valuable technology begins to flow back to the prime manufacturers (see Table Am. The key to maintaining technology leadership in the U.S.
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From page 97... ...
leadership as would be our failure to support- with funding and people and public policy and insist on broad, bold initiatives that advance critical aircraft engine technology. TABLE A-2 Aircraft Engine Technology Profile Current Technologies Future New Aircraft Critical Technologies Aerothermodynamics design High-performance Very high temperature U.S.
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From page 98... ...
From an international perspective, the automotive industry is technologically more homogeneous than might be surmised from a casual examination of the performance of various manufacturers in the marketplace. Recent comparative studies of the industry in the United States and Japan strongly suggest that the competitive advantage enjoyed by the Japanese does not arise from a technical advantage.
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From page 99... ...
This includes, of course, the way that they use technology, their continuing emphasis on quality, and the continuous improvement of all operations, and in some instances, lower costs. For this committee, the following three key questions seem relevant to the discussion of "engineering as an international enterprise" as it relates to the automotive industry.
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From page 100... ...
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From page 101... ...
With analyses of the type described above, the government would be better prepared to respond to industry initiatives. A few general observations regarding the automotive industry also are pertinent to the role that the industry infrastructure plays in the development and use of technology.
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The ability to provide a recognizable value to the customer through the application of technology may ultimately be a key determinant of success in the marketplace. Consequently, the successful use of technology will likely become a critical determinant of competitive success in the future of the automotive industry.
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In this sense "biotechnology" serves a wide spectrum of industries and commercial activities: · Agriculture and animal husbandry · Food production and processing · Health care · Chemical production; both commodity and specialty products 103
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104 NATIONAL INTERESTS IN AN AGE OF GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY · Textile manufacture · Mining and mineral processing · Waste treatment and disposal; resource recovery DEFINING "BIOTECHNOLOGY" In the most comprehensive terms, biotechnology may be thought of as comprising all aspects of the technological exploitation and control of living systems. Such a broad interpretation has the virtue of incorporating a wide spectrum of familiar activities of great economic importance; agriculture, animal production, food preservation, brewing, and production of natural rubber and paper are examples.
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From page 105... ...
The first significant product human insulin produced by a bacterium developed by recombinant DNA methods has been marketed for about 8 years. Several of the most visible applications of the "new" biotechnology have been in the pharmaceutical area insulin, human growth hormone, tissue plasminogen activator, etc.
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In fact the overwhelming majority of these new drugs are produced by chemical synthesis, not by biological methods. ONGOING TECHNOLOGIES AND COMPETENCIES Key Elements of Bioprocess Technology If we restrict ourselves to the "new biotechnology" and, even more specifically, to its bioprocess component as defined above, we find that the key elements are as follows: 1.
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From page 107... ...
Most of the novel techniques on which it is based, for example, recombinant DNA, protoplast fusion, and hybridomas, were developed in the United States. Hybridomas, which were first developed and patented by a British national, Milstein, were a notable exception.
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A few have been quite successful, but many have fallen by the wayside or been acquired by established pharmaceutical, food, or chemical companies. At first these larger companies lacked the specialized scientific base for this new field, but they have rapidly acquired it.
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From page 109... ...
A primary problem is that technical advances and many of the economic opportunities they offer are very short-lived. Furthermore, foreign countries may impose regulatory barriers that slow down market penetration sufficiently to permit local competitors to move in when acceptance has been achieved-often at the expense of the U.S.
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From page 110... ...
From the 1930s to the 1960s, American engineering know-how played a dominant role in the worldwide chemical process industry. Although it is still a major influence worldwide, the growth in demand 110
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The role of engineering in the chemical process industry is manifold, from the development of a new chemical process plant to its construction and operation. Development of the plant begins with chemical research and development, which define the broad parameters of a new chemical process.
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In these plant changes, chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, and process control engineers work together. The mechanical engineers are heavily involved in many chemical process plants with rotating equipment, while the electrical engineers are concerned with controls, motors, drivers, and the like.
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In summary, the chemical process industry depends on skills in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, computational computer science, modeling, materials of construction, chemistry, physics, automatic control, electrical engineering, civil engineering, environmental engineering, safety analysis, procurement, hazardous waste management, vibrational analysis, quality control and assurance, project management (people skills and ability to integrate a variety of functions)
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From page 114... ...
The second emerging technology is for lower cost, lower speed printers built around ink jet printing technology. The simultaneous and independent invention of thermally driven ink jet printers by Canon and Hewlett Packard enables high-quality, very low cost printers 114
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From page 115... ...
Current Technologies Solid-State Lasers Japanese Leadership Early laser printers used gas lasers to expose photoreceptors in a raster scanned mode similar to black-and-white television. Gas lasers still dominate high-speed laser printers; however, for the smaller, lower speed printers (about ten pages per minute or less)
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While color printers using thermal ink jet technology are newer, they benefit from these same advantages and are finding similar market acceptance. That leadership is transitory and will require continued investment to maintain U.S.
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Color laser printers are currently on the market only from Japan. Color ink jet printers are becoming available from a number of sources.
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technology to Europe and Japan, particularly in the field of laser printers.
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construction industry's large-scale penetration of world markets has been based more on its ability to manage large, complex projects and control quality than its leadership in specific technologies or technical disciplines. The fact that the United States was among the first to develop a comprehensive system of construction codes and standards also helped U.S.
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construction firms has been largely limited to the integration of design engineering, procurement, and construction functions. In contrast, many foreign construction companies also include manufacturing as part of their overall chain of value-added activities.
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engineering construction companies seem to be generally much more willing to transfer
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market are dismantled. One solution might be to develop a "product concept" for the engineering construction industry.
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WHrrE, IR. This profile of the electrical equipment and power systems industry divides the subject into four pertinent categories: electrical, mechanical, nuclear, and innovative clean coal technology (see Table A-3.
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This short-term syndrome of some U.S. electrical equipment manufacturers was typified in a Wall Street Journal article in which reporter Gregory Stricharchuk (1990)
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In summary, the reduction in U.S. electrical equipment manufacturing is the consequence of the present operating policies of three groups: manufacturers, users, and the U.S.
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Line Trap and Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVTs) - Dominated by foreign manufacturers.
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1 l5kV pipe type - several U.S. manufacturers, foreign manufacturers lead.
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Turbo Generators Steam Turbines - Limited domestic suppliers, rapidly advancing foreign suppliers.
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Precipitators - Increasing foreign presence. Flue Gas Desulfurization System Weak market, reduced U.S.
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maintains lead. Helium circulators - Most experience in West Germany - some in U.S.
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- U.S. effort INNOVATIVE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES Precombustion Cleaning (Advanced Coal Cleaning)
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Slagging Combustors None Improved and advanced systems may be dominated by foreign manufacturers. No emerging technologies are expected in this area.
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No real market has developed yet. General Materials R&D (Basic Materials Research for all innovative clean coal technologies)
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As such, virtually all industrially emerging nations have semiconductor industry development strategies. Those of Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China are noteworthy.
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This has led to serious loss of U.S. manufacturing and technology leadership, especially in parts of the industry concerned with fabrication materials, manufacturing equipment, dynamic memory, and consumer electronics components.
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Similar dynamic processes have been at work in the materials and manufacturing equipment portions of the semiconductor industry. Technological changes have provided opportunities for new entrants at every level of the business to compete on an equal footing with more established current leaders.
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3. X-ray lithography Japanese lead.
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