Finding Common Ground U.S. Export Controls in a Changed Global Environment (1991) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B
Appendix B
Pages 222-247
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From page 222... ...
U.S. export controls imposed for foreign policy reasons have had a far greater impact on the export of commercial aircraft and jet engines than have national security export controls.
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5. Unilaterally imposed foreign policy and national security export controls on commercial aircraft and jet engines should be sharply limited.
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Another reason for the relatively low production rates is the long product life of most civil aircraft. A new computer may become relatively obsolete in two or three years, but a commercial aircraft may be 10 years in development and then stay in service for 20 to 35 years.
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firms and over $3 billion to foreign suppliers.f Approximately 10,000 supplier firms, both domestic and foreign, contribute 60 to 70 percent of the value of the airframe. Suppliers provide subassemblies, components, parts, and other goods and services for civil aircraft and engine manufacturers.
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From page 226... ...
At the same time, the global aircraft industry is being transformed by a wave of consolidation among companies within and among various nations 68 percent of all civil aircraft is purchased by about 5 percent of the non-Communist world's airlines. The trend toward a truly worldwide industry is illustrated by the growing number of recent major international joint ventures.*
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From page 227... ...
engine maker Pratt & Whitney; 3,800 suppliers from 33 countries provide parts for Boeing commercial aircraft. With the increasing globalization of the civil aircraft industry, foreign aircraft manufacturers are mounting an increasingly effective compet;tive challenge to the United States.
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position vis-a-vis the Soviet Union but the narrowing margin of superiority the United States has over its Western commercial competitors. CRITICAL WESTERN AND SOVIET AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY Aircraft and Jet Engine Technology The technology of commercial jet aircraft and jet engines can be examined in a number of ways.
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The products of commercial aircraft and associated jet engines should no longer be subject to national security export controls. Another way to view aircraft "technology" is to examine its major process technologies-design, materials, and manufacturing.
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The great majority of "end items" in commercial aircraft and jet engines are not "enabling" technologies,* and thus, they are inappropriate targets of controls.
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Carbon/carbon composites Design and analysis techniques Control technologies Touch, voice, programmable switches Advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods Advanced test facilities/ CFD verification Materials and materials processing = = IV IV III IV III IV IV III III Aluminum-lithium alloy applications = + IV Machining, forming Carbon/carbon composite applications = - IV Fiber/resin system qualification Resin transfer molding Metal matrix composite applications - - IV Properties, machining, forming Superplastic forming = = IV Aluminum, titanium Fiberall-aluminum/carbon composite + - IV sandwich Advanced manufacturing processes Electronic chip manufacture Superconductivity, LSI/VLSI Automated carbon-carbon composite Automated layup Automated aircraft assembly + + III IV IV NOTES: Each technology within a group has been assigned a relative order of "criticality"; I is the most critical and IV is the least critical.
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systems High-temperature turbine design methodologies High cooling effectiveness Definition of flow passages Configurations Combustion design methodologies Control of discharge profiles High cooling effectiveness Aerodynamic design codes High stage loading Swept aerodynamics Advanced aeromechanics Advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 3-D codes and Naiver-Stakes Digital electronic controls Logic, software, and codes Advanced structural design Methodology Statics and dynamics Advanced system design Methodologies Life, operability Test instrumentation Materials and materials processing Nickel-based superalloys Melting and casting Powder metal Extrusion Isothermal forging Single crystal castings Large structural castings Thermal barrier coatings Composites Metal matrix composites Ceramics Advanced manufacturing processes Metal joining Laser drilling Plasma spray deposition Composites Hollow fan blades Nondestructive inspection techniques III IV IV II IV III III III III IV III IV III III III II III III III III (NOTES continued)
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From page 234... ...
They should be considered as somewhat subjective evaluations of relative capabilities. An export control approach focused on process technologies, which would harken back to the 1976 Bucy report of the Defense Science Board,6 could make controls conform to the language of the Export Administration Act, as follows: The establishment of adequate export controls for militarily critical technology .
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In 1989, Aeroflot ordered five Airbus Industrie AS lOs and signed a $150 million contract with General Electric for jet engines. In addition to direct purchases, the number of research agreements with the West, especially in Western Europe, has been increasing, as has the number of joint ventures.
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Comparison of U.S. and Soviet Aircraft Technologies In determining which items in the civil aircraft industry are important to maintaining the Western military lead, two key assumptions are usually made.
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, and propulsion efficiency. If published data on the TU-204 reflect true capabilities, the result of equal range with equal payload at equal TOGW would suggest that the aerodynamic efficiency, structural efficiency, and propulsion efficiency are similar or offsetting in the two aircraft.
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FIGURE B-5 Payload-range comparison at given take-off gross weight (TOGW) : C-SB and AN-124 direct operating costs related to either Soviet fuel consumption or maintenance are not thought to be comparable to those for Western aircraft.
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export controls, and in particular foreign policy controls, can have a generally deleterious effect on the export sales of the U.S. civil aircraft industry.
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Nearly all offsets involve lower level technology, however, and thus they do not constitute a significant technology transfer concern. Several characteristics heighten industry's ability to protect critical technology without the imposition of export controls.
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of the CCL pertaining to commercial aircraft and engines and found controls that were overly broad or inappropriate in each category examined.! For example, in comparing ECCN 1460A (aircraft and helicopters, aero-engines, and aircraft and helicopter equipment)
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control lists into a single list. In the increasingly important area of foreign policy restrictions, the subpanel believes that unilateral U.S.
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Finally, any policy on export controls must include, along with the ob jective of denying militarily useful items to controlled countries, the objec tives of avoiding undue constraints on U.S. trade and permitting a free flow of technology and technical information.
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Annex B} DOMESTIC AIRCRAFT-REL\TED PURCHASE ORDERS' BY STATE' 1989 Listed below, by state, are 1989 aircraft-related purchase orders for Boeing, General Electric, McDonnell Douglas, and Pratt & Whitney. The amounts listed are in thousands of dollars.
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Annex B2 FOREIGN AIRCRAFT-RELATED PURCHASE ORDERS, BY COUNTRY' 1989 Listed below, by country, are 1989 aircraft-related purchase orders for Boeing, General Electric, McDonnell Douglas, and Pratt & Whitney. The amounts listed are in thousands of U.S.
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Annex B3 FOREIGN PARTNERSHIPS Boeing, General Electric, McDonnell Douglas, and Pratt & Whitney have recently entered into or strengthened partnerships with the following foreign companies: Aeritalia- Italy Eldim The Netherlands Fabrique National Belgium Fiat Aviazione Italy Japanese Aircraft Development Corporation-Japan Kawasaki Heavy Industries Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Japan MTU (Motoren-und Turbinen-Union GmbH) Germany Norsk Jetmotor-Norway Rolls-Royce The United Kingdom Samsung South Korea Singapore Aircraft Industries Singapore SNECMA (Societe Nationale d' Etude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation)
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Annex B4 NON-COMMUNIST NATIONS WITH HEAVY MAINTENANCE CAPABILITY Listed below are non-Communist nations that have the capability to perform aircraft-related heavy maintenance. Argentina Indonesia South Africa Australia Italy South Korea Austria Japan Spain Brazil Jordan Sweden Canada Kenya Switzerland Denmark Malaysia Taiwan Egypt Mexico Thailand Ethiopia The Netherlands Turkey Finland New Zealand The United Kingdom France Norway United States Germany Pakistan Tunisia Greece Philippines Venezuela Hong Kong Portugal Yugoslavia India Singapore
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