Biographical Memoirs Volume 58 (1989) / Chapter Skim
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Harry Frederick Harlow
Harry Frederick Harlow
Pages 218-257
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His poetic nature and an ability to use the English language in a humorous manner remained, later contributing greatly to his success both as a teacher and a professional lecturer. While still an undergraduate, HarIow supported himself 219
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As a graduate student, Harry held a teaching assistantship uncler Paul R Darnworth in social psychology and research assistantships under Stone in behavioral studies on rats.
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There he began studies of the social facilitation of feeding responses in monkeys, an extension of his doctoral research with rats. But that space, too, proved vulnerable and temporary, and his first steps into a major career dedicated to the study of nonhuman primate behavior began at a bridge party, when the wife of the chairman of the psychology department suggested that he study primates at the local Vilas Park Zoo.
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One of the most significant discoveries HarIow and his associates macle in their first primate laboratory dealt with the formation of learning sets, that is, the process by which animals "learn to learn." Their procedure was to present pairs of objects or patterns that cliffered in features such as size, color, and shape over a series of trials. The objects changer!
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If separate groups of monkeys hac! been used to learn single, simple discriminations, he might not have discovered the concept of learning set.
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Meyer, and Harry's wife, Margaret Kuenne HarIow, a child psychologist. At a time when drives were considered to be wholly or partly physiological, HarIow and his associates established the fact that the curiosity and manipulation drives were intrinsic parts of the rhesus monkey's motivational structure.
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, as well as in one of his own studies (1940) , Harlow sought to determine whether a classical Pavlovian conclitioned response could be establishect in the cat if, during the normal training procedure, the paw-lifting response to the unconditioned!
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Carlyle Jacobsen, working in the laboratory of physiologist John F Fulton at Yale in the 1930s, had stuclied the clelayed response performance of monkeys following prefrontal cortex ablations and found that the monkeys couIc!
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Thus, ~acobsen's putative memory loss results could now be interpreted as due to distraction and inattention rather than an inability to form, store, and retrieve memories after prefrontal lobe ablations. Such results whether interpreted as attention or memory deficits, had important implications for the performance of human frontal lobotomies, initiated in 1936 by the Portuguese neurosurgeon Antonio Egas Moniz and continued through the 1940s and into the 1950s before being generally abandoned, despite some reported improvement in depressive and other psychopathological conditions.
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survive. Initially, forty infant rhesus monkeys were separated from their mothers and raiser!
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the strong attachment of infant monkeys to their diaper cloths. This led him to the Plea of a clothcoverec} wire framework resembling a monkey mother.
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The tempo and scope of the infant monkey research now increased and many studies were undertaken, the results of which often interested! psychoanalysts and challenged psychoanalytic theory as well as traclitional learning theory.
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This therapeutic technique, developed with Suomi, was later used with some success by others in rehabilitating institutionalized human children ctiagnosed as depressives. Harry and Margaret HarIow also collaborated in research on the activities of monkey nuclear families living in adjacent enclosures.
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From a general purview of his many scientific and professional publications, it is clifficult to pinpoint a central theme. His main goal, it seems, was to study a single species, the rhesus monkey, to learn all he could about its behavior and cognitive processes, and to relate the results to humans.
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(At the time, low energy, heavy nuclear particles of primary cosmic racliation could not be reproduced with available accelerators.) At about the same time, he was involved in investigating the behavioral effects of cortical implantations of radioactive cobalt.
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HarIow was electecl to the National Academy of Sciences in 195~ and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961. At the 52nd meeting of the Society of Experimental Psychologists in 1956, he was awarded the Warren Medal for "a series of brilliantly conceived experiments on the behavior of monkeys, inclucling studies of motivation, learning, and problem solving." From 1958 to 1959, Hariow served as president of the American Psychological Association; in 1960, he received its Distinguished Scientific Contribution Awarc!
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The Primate Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin was dedicated and named in his honor in ~ 984. Harry Frederick Harlow was an unassuming man of many talents.
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Comparative behavior of primates: II. Delayed reaction tests on primates at Bronx Park Zoo.
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Psychol., 26:299-313. Response by rhesus monkeys to stimuli having multiple sign values.
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Problem solution by monkeys following bilateral removal of the prefrontal areas: IV. Responses to stimuli having multiple sign values.
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Problem solution by monkeys following bilateral removal of the prefrontal areas: V Spatial delayed reactions.
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Zable. Problem solution by monkeys following bilateral removal of the prefrontal areas: VI.
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Discrimination learning by normal and brain operated monkeys.
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The effect of spatial contiguity on discrimination learning by rhesus monkeys.
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The development of manipulatory responsiveness in the infant rhesus monkey.
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Discrimination learning and learning sets to visual exploration incentives.
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Performance of infant rhesus monkeys on discrimination learning, delayed response, and discrimination learning set.
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Stimulus and reward displays in discrimination learning.
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King. Effect of ratio of trial 1 reward to nonreward on the discrimination learning of macaque monkeys.
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Social behavior of juvenile rhesus monkeys subjected to different rearing conditions during the first six months of life.
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Longterm effects of total social isolation upon behavior of rhesus monkeys. Psychol.
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Development of social fear after amygdalectomy in infant rhesus monkeys. Physiol.
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Preference for various surrogate surfaces among infant rhesus monkeys.
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Effects of intertrial interval and trial 1 reward during acquisition of an object discrimination learning set in monkeys.
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Recovery of function following prefrontal lobe damage in rhesus monkeys. Brain Res., 35:37-48.
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Effects of permanent separation from mother on infant monkeys.
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Adoption of single and multiple infants by rhesus monkey mothers. Primates, 15: 193 -204.
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Behavioral and hormonal effects of attachment object separation in surrogatepeer-reared and mother-reared infant rhesus monkeys.
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The effects of stimulus movement on discrimination learning by rhesus monkeys.
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