Biographical Memoirs Volume 58 (1989) / Chapter Skim
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David Nachmansohn
David Nachmansohn
Pages 356-405
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From page 357... ...
In so doing, he contributed perhaps more than any other investigator to our understanding of the molecular basis of bioelectricity. David Nachmansohn was born in Jekaterinoslav, Russia (now Dnjetropetrowsk, USSR)
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There, Nachmansohn joine(1 an exceptional company of bright young people: among them, Fritz Lipmann, Hans Adolph Krebs, Ruclolph Schoenheimer, Ernst Chain, Karl Meyer, and Hans H Weber.
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From page 359... ...
At that time, Grace and Philip Eggleton at the Cambridge biochemical laboratory had recently discovered a new phosphorylated compound in muscle they called "phosphagen" because it liberated inorganic phosphate cluring contraction. Soon thereafter, Fiske anc!
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From page 360... ...
During his early years in Meyerhof's laboratory, the function of phosphocreatine was unknown, and interest in this compound was very strong. It is therefore not surprising that Nachmansohn was given the assignment of looking for the relations among phosphocreatine breakdown, lactic acict formation, and the tension cleveloped by muscle during isometric contraction in anaerobiosis.
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From page 361... ...
determine the direction of his scientific work for the rest of his life. At that time, one of the main topics of discussion in the London meetings was the role of acety~choline in nerve activity.
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From page 362... ...
It seemed to Nachmansohn that much more knowledge was needler} on the nature, distribution, and concentration of acety~choline esterase in various tissues and that such information might provide clues to the role of this enzyme in nerve activity. He began work on this problem in Paris in 1936 and soon fount!
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From page 363... ...
This paper dealt with the correlation between the electrical potential and the acety~choline esterase content of different sections of the electric organ of the electric eel. The use of electric tissue later made possible the crystallization and biochemical characterization of acety~choline esterase in Nachmansohn's laboratory as well as the isolation of choline acetylase anct the acety~choline receptor.
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From page 364... ...
These observations suggested to him that the energy required for resynthesis of the acety~choline hydrolyzect cluring the electrical discharge was supplied by the same processes that provide the energy required for muscular contraction, namely ATP ant! phosphocreatine breakdown, lactic acid formation, anti, in the last instance, carbohydrate oxiclation.
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From page 365... ...
to be correct. Ernest Schoffeniels, in Nachmansohn's laboratory, was able to isolate the electroplax, the singlecelled elementary unit of electric tissue, which was found to be extremely rich in acety~choline esterase ant]
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From page 366... ...
in cletai! in his book, Chemical and Molecular Basis of Nerve Activity, first publisher} in 1959.
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From page 367... ...
Some local anesthetics are structural analogs of acety~choline and compete with the latter for receptor binding, blocking electrical activity in the conducting and synaptic parts of excitable membranes. Despite these results, the current belief is that the acety]
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The high concentration of acetyIcholine esterase and acety~choline receptor in axonal membranes is nevertheless a remarkable fact that remains unexplained. Nachmansohn's work attracted a great number of students and investigators, and his laboratory at the College of Physicians anct Surgeons was for many years a place of much excitement and feverish activity.
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From page 369... ...
, and 64,000 (~) in a ratio Of ~2939~8 The receptor has several functional states: In the resting state, it has low affinity for agonists, and the ion channel is closed; in the active state, the binding sites are occupied by agonist anc!
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From page 370... ...
He was refined in his tastes and gentle and understanding with his friends. ~ AM GREATLY INDEBTED to Arthur Karlin (Columbia University)
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From page 371... ...
. An international symposium on the molecular basis of nerve activity was held at the Free University of Berlin, in October 1984, in memory of David Nachmansohn.
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From page 372... ...
des Muskels. In: Handbuch Biochemisches des Menschen und der Tiere, Erganzungsband, pp.
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From page 373... ...
Biol., 19: 446-52. Action des substances sympatho- et parasympathomimetiques sur les processus chimiques fournissant l'energie de la contraction musculaire.
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Minz. Cholinesterase dans les terminaisons nerveuses du muscle strie.
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Localization of choline esterase in nerve fibers. Science, 92:513-14.
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Relation between electrical changes during nerve activity and concentration of choline esterase.
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Effects of inhibitors of choline esterase on the nerve action potential.
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From page 378... ...
II. Enzyme activity and voltage of the action potential in electric tissue.
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From page 379... ...
Chem., 171:715-24. Difference between drug effects on axonal conduction and synaptic transmission.
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Acylation reactions mediated by purified acetylcholine esterase. Biochim.
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From page 381... ...
de Braganza. Choline acetylase.
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Ochoa. Coupling of acetyl donor systems with choline acetylase.
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From page 383... ...
Acta, 11:147-56. Transmission of nerve impulses across the neuromuscular junction.
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Grundfest. Electrical activity in electric tissue.
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From page 385... ...
Concentration of choline acetylase in conducting tissue.
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From page 386... ...
Chemical control of ion movements during nerve activity. In: Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Biochemistry, Brussels, 1955, ed.
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, 8:41-43. Molecular forces controlling ion movements during nerve activity.
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From page 388... ...
Acta, 31 :323-27. Chemical factors controlling ion movements during nerve activity.
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From page 389... ...
Chemical and Molecular Basis of Nerve Activity. New York: Academic Press.
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Acetylcholine receptor protein and nerve activity.
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From page 391... ...
The isolation and identification of the acetylcholine receptor protein from electric tissue of Electrophorus electr~cus. In: Bioelectrogenes~s: Proceedings of the Symposium on Comparative Bioelectrogenesis, ed.
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From page 392... ...
Chemical factors controlling ion movements during nerve activity. Koshtoyants volume, English edition, ed.
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:20 -26. Basic aspects of nerve activity explained by biochemical analysis.
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From page 394... ...
Demonstration of increased permeability as a factor responsible for the effect of acetylcholine on the electrical activity of venom treated axons.
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From page 395... ...
Dettbarn. Choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity in denervated electroplax.
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From page 396... ...
Pharmacol., 13: 1157-65. Perspectives in research on the molecular basis of nerve activity.
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From page 397... ...
Effects of marine toxins on electrical activity and K ion efflux of excitable membranes. Biochim.
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From page 398... ...
, 18:826 -33. Chemical forces controlling permeability changes of excitable membranes during electrical activity.
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Chemical control of the permeability cycle in excitable membranes during electrical activity.
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Bartels. Drug effects on the spontaneous electrical activity of the squid giant axon.
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Similarity of chemical events in conducting and synaptic membranes during electrical activity.
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From page 402... ...
Rosenberg. Correlation between electrical activity and phospholipid splitting by snake venom in the single electroplax.
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From page 403... ...
Chemical and Molecular Basis of Nerve Activity, 2d.
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From page 404... ...
New York: Academic Press, 1954. Chemical and Molecular Basis of Nerve Activity.
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