Titanium Past, Present, and Future (1983) / Chapter Skim
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Chapter 4: Availability, Processing, and Specifications of Titanium Ore and Titanium Tetrachloride
Chapter 4: Availability, Processing, and Specifications of Titanium Ore and Titanium Tetrachloride
Pages 23-40
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From page 23... ...
Ti tanium Ores A 1972 report of the National Materials Advisory Board Committee on Processes for Rutile Substitutes identified the geologic occurrence, reserves, and principal mines for titanium ores. It discussed the technology for converting the nonrutile ores to rutile-like material for use in manufacturing titanium tetrachloride (TiC14)
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From page 24... ...
, ;,., .) Figure 7 Location of important titanium ore bodies in the Uni ted States .
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Source: DoD Metals and Ceramics Information Center 1981.
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From page 26... ...
In view of the long lead times (commonly from S to 15 years) needed to bring a new ore source or technology into production, the current panel believes it prudent to identify factors and developments in ore supply that may influence the future availability of titanium ores to U.S.
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From page 27... ...
About 29 million tons of U.S. resources are in a Gunnison County, Colorado perovskite deposit for which suitable processing technology still has to be demonstrated.
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From page 28... ...
Total estimated world reserves of 301 million tons of titanium are over four times the estimated 1978 to 2000 world demand of 64 million tons. The demand for titanium metal is only about 7 percent of total titanium demand; therefore, it is not likely to cause any rapid depletion of reserves .
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From page 29... ...
Ilmeni te Rutile Ruti le Synthetic Caps- Capa- Capa city Prod ' n city Prod 'n city Prod 'n Sponge Plgment Capa- Capa city Prod 'n city Prod ' n No rth Ameri ca Unitee ~tates 31s 218 1" ~60 1(3 23 16 ~523 420 Canada 525 399 - - - - - - 64 NA Mexico _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ 22 NA Sotal 843 617 14 W 60 10 23 18a 609 NA South America, Brazil 8 7 (b)
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From page 30... ...
Perovskite Deposits The perovskite deposit In Gunnison County, Colorado, reported to contain lOO million tons of 12 percent TiO2 measured ore and 400 million tons of 12 percent TiO2 indicated and inferred ore, is close to the surface and presumably mineable by open pit methods (Thompson and Watson 1977~. Results of beneficiation testing have not been released.
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From page 31... ...
. By a complicated procedure involving desl iming, flotation and rejection of sulfides and carbonates, acidulation, and flotation and cleaning of rutile concentrate, about 37 percent of the TiO2 was recovered in a concentrate of 35 percent TiO2 grade.
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From page 32... ...
Synthetic Rutile Titanium tetrachloride, for the manufacture of titanium metal or titanic pigment, historically has been made in the United States by chlorination of rutile concentrate of about 96 percent TiO2 grade. Increasing world demand and shrinking reserves caused a steep escalation of rutile concentrate prices that resulted in the development of processes and the construction of plants for converting ilmenite concentrate to synthetic rutile.
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From page 33... ...
TiO2 Pigment and TiC14 TiO2 pigment, a highly purif fed f arm of rutile or ana~case, is prepared by processes involving the sulfuric acid digestion or the chlorination of titanium dioxide concentrates. TiC14 that is of adequate purity to yield pigment TiO2 ordinarily must be further purified to be suitable for the manufacture of titanium metal sponge by any of the three commercial routes -- magnesium, sodium, or electrolytic reduction.
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From page 34... ...
. Ilmenite, long ton, 54 percent TiO2, fob Atlantic portsa $65-70 lo Slag, long ton, 70 percent TiO2, fob Quebec, Canada a 6135 14 Slag, long ton, 85 percent Ti02, fob South Africat $170-180 15 Synthetic Rutile, 93.5 percent TiO2, st, fob Mobile, Ark $340 30 Rutile (natural)
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From page 35... ...
Concentrate has been prepared in the laboratory from Colorado perovskite ore by physical beneficiation, but feasible technology for utilizing the concentrate is lacking and requires development. A comprehensive investigation by Syncrude Canada, Ltd., has established a potential for economic by-product recovery of titanium concentrate from Athabasca tar sands.
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From page 36... ...
are the historically preferred raw material for titanium metal production through the intermediate product, titanium tetrachloride. Rutile concentrates may be chlorinated in the presence of a Deduct ant (e.g.
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From page 37... ...
The titanium tetrachloride product is used primarily in the production of titanium dioxide f or pigment, welding rod coatings, and other uses, but with suitable upgrading by additional distillation, the tetrachloride produced could be used in the production of titanium sponge metal. Specifications Covering Titanium Tetrachloride Specifications generated by private companies for the purchase of titanium tetrachloride can be proprietary and therefore not publicly available .
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From page 38... ...
38 rendering a pigment-grade tetrachloride (e.g., the product described by du Pont ~ suitable for the production of metal . A low oxygen content and a reduction of other impurities in titanium tetrachloride are requirements for the production of good-quality sponge titanium metal.
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From page 39... ...
1979. Recovering By-product Heavy Minerals from Sand and Gravel, Placer Gold, and Industrial Mineral Operations.
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From page 40... ...
1972. Report NMAB-293 Processes for Rutile Substitutes.
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