Europe 1992 The Implications of Market Integration for R & D-Intensive Firms (1991) / Chapter Skim
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The 1992 European Market Integration: Bush Administration Policies
The 1992 European Market Integration: Bush Administration Policies
Pages 56-75
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From page 56... ...
In the early 1970s he chaired the National Academy of Sciences' Physics Survey, which contributed in a central way to charting the future of that science in the subsequent decade. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the world's largest scientific society, and also was president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, a world-coordinating body for physics.
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From page 57... ...
We in the United States have derived much of our scientific and technical tradition from Europe, and for that reason our scientific and technological ties with Europe remain stronger than those with any other part of the world. Indeed, until World War II our contacts in science and technology were almost exclusively with western Europe, particularly in the years before the war when, because of the great strength of European science and technology, the flow of scientists and engineers was almost entirely from America to western Europe.
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From page 58... ...
I thought that perhaps it might be useful if I were to address some of these issues from a slightly broader viewpoint the viewpoint of the Bush administration—and tell you something about our policies toward the Single Market plan and our overall approach to international science and technology. There are several broad principles that underlie this administration's approach to these matters.
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From page 59... ...
approach to a very important subset of our scientific effort today, namely the large, or "mega," projects in science, particularly in the basic sciences. These projects which include such things as the Superconducting Supercollider, Space Station Freedom, the mapping of the human genome, the compact ignition tokamak, global change research .
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From page 60... ...
If we do this, it will be easier to develop equitable funding arrangements and a satisfactory geographical distribution for these one-of-a-kind facilities. On our side the United States needs to develop more stable and credible agreements to cover our participation in these international programs.
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From page 61... ...
If we are to maintain the strong bonds that arise from exchanges between Europe and the United States, then we in the United States must give greater encouragement than we have to Americans going abroad and European scientists spending time in this country. For example, in the case for which I have the best statistics, in the exchange between West Germany and the United States, for the past two decades, Germany has borne more than 70 percent of the total cost of the exchange, both for Americans going to Germany and for German scientists coming to the United States.
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From page 62... ...
We all understand what we mean by basic research, by the discovery of new knowledge, and we all know what we mean by production of attractive goods and services. It is in that interface where we move from the basic discovery to the production phase that much of our difficulty arises, and I believe that this is an area where cooperation can yield handsome dividends to all concerned.
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From page 63... ...
my office is arranging a more flexible set of criteria that will ensure the appropriate protection of intellectual property rights and yet leave flexibility for negotiations, within the conditions unique to specific countries with which we are negotiating. At some point in the continuum from basic research through product development, we cross the obvious line that separates competition from the precompetitive phase.
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From page 64... ...
At the same time, they offer unparalleled opportunities for increased worldwide cooperation in science and technology. Global environmental change offers perhaps the most stark example of these new and truly global problems.
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From page 65... ...
President Bush has issued an invitation to the world's nations to hold the first negotiating session for that convention here in Washington. This is a situation typical of what will be a rapidly growing class of problems that can no longer be addressed on any national or regional basis but that truly demand the best of us acting on a global basis.
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From page 66... ...
American universities have long been bastions of basic research and, as such, our communication with Europe and the rest of the world. We do a certain amount of basic research ourselves in conjunction with American universities.
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From page 67... ...
I think that we have tended to view these projects as originating in this country, particularly because science policy relating to those projects typically comes from the bottom up in the United States: A large community of scholars decide that they must have something, and it rises higher and higher on our view screens until something happens. That being the case, there is an unhappy tendency for us to think about international cooperation only after the program has gone a considerable way beyond initial conception, toward planning, funding, design, and so on.
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From page 68... ...
Dr. Bromley, I think, has done an excellent job of reviewing the historical relationships between Europe and America and the importance that science and technology have and are playing to unify people from different cultures as well as to drive the world economy into a single marketplace.
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From page 69... ...
Value added from existing technologies and new R&D results must be pursued through these win-win European-American partnerships. To do this will require that we pay attention, as has been mentioned, to international versus national laws, to intellectual property rights, and that we take advantage of events such as are occurring today in eastern Europe, to develop these emerging markets through creative multigovernment support that encourages collaboration between industries, particularly between America and Europe.
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From page 70... ...
Any competitive region of our new world will discover new mechanisms for networking intellectual talent from industry, academia, and government laboratories, crossing traditional political boundaries to meet new challenges. Being able to mix and match existing technologies to meet new needs as well as collaborating to develop new technologies through R&D are important in meeting opportunities in our changing world.
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From page 71... ...
We are working in projects and technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging, superconducting magnetic energy storage, MAG-LEV trains all new technologies that have spun out of magnets that we designed for the Superconducting Supercollider. And we are working collaboratively with university, industry, and government entities to bring these technologies to the fore.
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From page 72... ...
Markets may be of nations or certain regions of the global single marketplace, but industries track and respond to those markets. Companies that are capable of anticipating and responding to market changes will lead, and nations that adapt to the change and encourage responsive companies to collaborate will create economic advantage for the people of their nation.
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From page 73... ...
Our opportunity is to look collaboratively for these types of science and technology programs that serve the economic health of a global marketplace and to work collaboratively to find and discover the ways in which we can do this together.
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From page 74... ...
When Professor Bromley talked about the exchange of scientists, a very large part of the American scientists coming to Germany are going to this part of the German research landscape, the Max Planck Institute and national laboratories, so at least from the standpoint of secrecy and proprietariness, there is no problem and no difference between universities in Germany and the extrauniversity institutes.
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From page 75... ...
That cultural link between this country and the Asian Rim is not really as historically common as it is between America and Europe, although as we look at this global marketplace, it is clear that there are three major centers of economic force. I know from my own experience in the microelectronics world from Texas Instruments to doing research in publicly funded universities to being involved with a company marketing a system that is critically important in the manufacture of DRAM—that we have to pay attention to what is happening, particularly in Japan.
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