The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 239-244

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 239... ... Index A Actinium, 61, 64 Activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224 Adenocarcinomas, 172, 173, 179, 184, 187, 189 Aerosols, 2, 21, 32-33, 9~131 characteristics, 32-33, 72, 142-143 penetration, 92-93 see also Clearance; Deposition; Diffusion; Particle size Age factors, 1, 2-4, 12, 14, 16, 34, 42-43, 53, 54, 63, 72, 113, 148, 204, 230, 233 cancer and, 53, 55-56, 175, 177, 188 cell proliferation, 54, 175 disease effects, 154 lung volume, 144, 147, 148 see also Children; Infants Airway diseases allergies, 151 bronchitis, 2, 45, 46, 49, 152, 153, 154, 155, 183, 196, 232, 233 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 153 dose effects, 46-49, 180 Algorithms, 118, 122 Allergies, 151 Alpha radiation, 1, 3-4, 6, 9, 15, 26-27, 106, 137, 166-189 age and susceptibility, 54 cell-level dose, 56, 166, 186, 194-195 dosimetry, general, 1, 3-4, 6, 14, 166, 186 in equations, 22-23, 24 Altitude, 157 Alveoli, 38, 72, 76, 77, 139, 146-147, 148, 149, 152-153, 154, 167-168, 170, 172, 189, 202, 208 AMAD, 108-109 Anatomical factors, 144, 147-148, 157 239 deposition, 6, 138, 141, 144, 147-148 see also Morphometry; specific anatomical systems Animal studies, 6, 54, 55-56, 137, 154, 155, 157, 189, 223-224 Atom bomb survivors, 53, 57 Automated tape samplers, 115-116 Basal cells, 2, 3, 6, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 166, 167, 181-184, 194-195, 197, 198, 231 carcinogenesis, 166, 167, 181-184 thoron, 50 BEIR IV report, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 31, 32, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57 Belgium, 110-113 Benzo[a] pyrene, 55 Biological processes, general, 52 Bismuth, 61, 104, 124, 126-128, 130, 205, 224 Breathing patterns, 1, 6, 77, 137, 138, 140, 144, 148-149, 208, 214, 218-219 altitude factors, 157 in equations, 208-209, 224 ethnic differences, 156 physical activity and, 2, 12, 13, 149-150, 151, 227, 230, 231, 233 reference rates, 6, 226 see also Nasal processes; Oral processes Bronchi, 3, 6, 28, 54, 79, 80, 148, 168, 203, 206 adult females, 42-43 cellular pathology of cancer, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223 epithelium, 35-37, 43, 46-48, 145, 157, 168, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 194-197, 199, 234 hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 55, 233, 234 Read the entire page →
From page 240... ... 240 morphometry, 67-71, 73, 75, 200, 202, 204, 211 particle deposition, 1, 6, 20, 38-39, 47-48, 73-74, 77, 145-146, 148, 152, 195, 200, 206-207, 208, 211, 212-213, 218 stem cells, 6-7 target cells, 35-38, 42, 189, 227-230, 234 Bronchioles, 37, 38, 67, 71, 72, 145, 148, 168, 181, 184, 185, 198-201, 204, 206, 212 Bronchitis, 2, 45, 46, 49, 152, 153, 154, 155, 183, 196, 232, 233 C Carbon tetrachloride, 56 Carcinogenesis and carcinogens, 2, 5-6, 31, 52 age factors, 175, 177, 188 basal cells, 166, 167, 181-184 bronchial cells, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223 classification, carcinomas, 172-173, 175-176 epidemiological data, 1, 11-12, 56, 169, 176, 186-188 epithelia, 168, 169-170, 175, 181-183, 189, 194, 233 genetics, 54, 177, 178-180 hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 49, 53-56, 233, 234 liver cancer, 54, 56 mucosal processes, 168, 181-182, 186 other than radon, 1, 12, 15, 26 secretory cells, 166, 167, 172, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189 skin, 54 smoking, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188 see also Hyperplasia; Lung cancer; specific carcinomas Cell cultures, 54, 167 Cells and cellular processes, 38, 166-189 alpha dosimetry, cell level, 56, 166, 186, 194-195 basal cells, 2, 3, 6, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 166, 167, 181-184, 194-195, 197, 198, 231 bronchi, carcinogenesis, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223 goblet cells, 168, 181 hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 49, 53-56, 233, 234 Kulchitsky cells, 7, 168 lung cancer, cells of origin, 56, 166-189 proliferation, 53-55, 175, 180-182, 189 smoking and cellular carcinogenesis, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188 INDEX stem cells, 6-7 target cells, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35-38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 166, 189, 194-195, 198, 227-230, 234 see also Secretory cells and processes Children, 2, 3-4, 14, 35, 43 14, 45, 46, 148, 201, 202, 204, 228; see also Infants Chemical processes, unattached fraction, 24-25 Chromosomes, 178-180 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 153 Cilia, 46-47, 67, 78, 79, 138, 144, 145, 147, 168, 181, 182, 195, 196, 203 "A Citizen's Guide to Radon," 10 Classification, carcinomas, 172-173, 175-176 Clearance, respiratory tract, 73, 137, 138, 144 147, 148, 151,227-230 coughing, 147 models, 77-81, 202-207 mucus, 15, 35, 46, 78-80, 145-146, 202-203, 205, 206, 227 nasal, 78, 145 preexisting conditions, 152-155 trachea, 79, 80, 146, 151, 195, 203 Clusters, particles, 24-25, 92, 116, 125, 126 Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, see BEIR IV report Concentration levels, 15-16, 20, 26, 9~131 diffusion, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110 wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124 Cost factors, mitigation, 11, 14 Coughing, 147 D Decay, radioactive, 9, 10, 26, 61, 62, 63, 64, 101, 110, 122, 194, 199, 203 equation, 21-22, 23, 205 Density factors, 139, 142-143 Department of Energy, 194 Deposition, respiratory tract, 3, 6, 72, 137-144, 147-155 anatomical factors, general, 6, 138, 141, 144, 147-148 bronchial, 1, 6, 20, 38-39, 47-48, 73-74, 77, 145-146, 148, 152, 195, 200, 206-207, 208, 211, 212-213, 218 diffusional, 73, 76, 90, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 208, 210 electrostatic, 24, 25, 138, 141 in equations, 94, 207-212, 215, 216, 220, 222 geometry of, 66-67, 138, 195 gravitational sedimentation, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209-210 historical perspectives, research, 137-138 Read the entire page →
From page 241... ... INDEX impaction factors, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210 inertial factors, 117, 138, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152 localized, 37-38, 76, 77, 81, 155 in lungs, 6, 137-144, 147-148, 149-157 models, 1, 14, 15, 24, 39, 66-67, 71, 72-77, 200, 207-215 nasal, 1, 3, 38, 39-40, 66-67, 72-73, 74, 149, 150-152, 216, 218-222 oral, 72-73, 74, 216 particle size and, 72-73, 75, 76, 138-143, 157, 212-215 preexisting conditions, 17, 152-155 regional, 37-38, 77 theory, 39, 74, 76, 207, 209-210 tracheal, 6, 20, 73-74, 77, 148, 151, 154, 207, 212 see also Wire mesh screens Diffusion, 24, 139 Brownian, 139, 210 concentration levels and, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110 conversion coefficients, 24, 33, 90-92 deposition, diffusional, 73, 76, 90, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 208, 210 equations, 24, 90-95, 208 particle size and, 25, 90-95 samplers, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110, 118 theoretical models, 91, 92 through tubes, 92-93, 95, 101, 195 Disease, preexisting, 2, 6, 4~49, 148, 151, 152-155, 234 see also specific diseases DNA, 31, 178, 179, 180-181, 195 Dose and dosimetry, 15-16, 31-57, 6~82 airway disease, general dose effects, 46-49, 180 alpha energy, general, 1, 3-4, 6, 14, 166, 186 cell-level, 56, 166, 186, 194-195 defined, 60 exposure and, 2-4, 5~, 31-32, 34-35, 137, 225, 22~227, 228 historical perspectives, 24, 60-82 models, 1-4, 14, 15, 31-51, 6~82, 180, 194-202 risk assessment, extrapolation, 1, 4, 5, 12, 14, 31-57, 110, 137, 157 target cells, 194-195 thoron, 49-51, 54, 225-226, 228 E Einstein-Cunningham constant, 91 Electricity and electrostatics, 24, 25, 32, 109, 113-114, 118-119, 138, 141 Electron microscopes, 72, 175 241 Emphysema, 153, 154 Environmental Protection Agency, 4, 10 Epidemiological data, 1, 5, 11, 12, 20, 32, 137, 155-157, 169, 173, 176, 177, 184, 186-188 cancer, 1, 11-12, 56, 169, 176, 186-188 historical perspectives, 11, 169, 176 international, 11, 12 smoking, 56, 186-188 see also Risk assessment Epithelia, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 53, 146, 198-199, 206, 234 bronchial, 35-37, 43, 46-48, 145, 157, 168, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 194-197, 199, 234 cancer pathology, 168, 169-170, 175, 181-183, 189, 194, 233 lung, 167-169, 174 thoron uptake, 49-50 tracheal, 53, 145, 181, 182, 183 Equations, 51 alpha radiation, 22-23, 24 breathing, 208-209, 224 particle deposition, 94, 207-212, 215, 216, 220, 222 particle diffusion, 24, 90-95, 208 particle growth, 143 radioactive decay, 21-22, 23, 205 smoking, 23 unattached fractions, 104 107, 114-115 working level month, 15, 22, 32, 223-227 Ethnic factors, 148, 156 Evaporation, 143 Exercise, see Physical activity Exposure, 15-16, 32-33 defined, 223-224 dose and, 2-4, 5-6, 31-32, 34-35, 137, 225, 226-227, 228 duration, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 155-156, 186 indoor atmospheres, 12, 27-28, 32-33, 109-117, 130 mine atmospheres, 12, 26, 107-109 standards, 26 working level months, 15, 22, 32, 223-227 F Fibrosis, 153, 154 Formaldehyde, 56 Formulas, see Equations Fractionation, 55 G Gender differences, 1, 2-3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 15, 34, 42-43, 45, 46, 53, 148, 176, 184, 201-202, 228, 230, 233 Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... 242 Genetics, 54, 177, 178-180, 189 anatomy, 148 carcinogenesis, general, 54, 177, 178-180 DNA, 31, 178, 179, 180-181, 195 lung cancer, 54, 177, 178-180 target cell damage, 31 Geometry airway, 15, 35, 63, 156, 195, 196, 199-202, 203, 204 particle deposition, 66~7, 138, 195 see also Morphometry Germany, Federal Republic, 11, 111-113, 118 Goblet cells, 168, 181 Gravitational factors impaction, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210 sedimentation, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209, 210 H Historical perspectives, 9-11, 26 cancer epidemiology, 169, 176 concentration measurement, 15 deposition of aerosols, research, 137-138 dosimetric models, 24, 6~82 epidemiology, 11, 169, 176 unattached fractionation, 15, 95, 105-109 Hygroscopicity, 7, 33, 143, 144 Hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 53-56, 233, 234 I Impaction, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210 Inertia, 117, 138, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152 Infants, 2, 3-4, 14, 35, 43 41, 45, 46, 201, 204, 228; see also Children Inflammation, 5, 14, 152 Injury, 53, 55-56, 174, 180, 186 Insulation, 33 International activities and perspectives, 11, 172 epidemiological investigations, 11, 12 measurement standards, 15 International Commission on Radiological Protection, 3-4, 14, 16, 17, 95-96, 101-102, 103, 105-106 J Japan, atom bomb survivors, 53, 57 Joule-hours per cubic meter, 15 K Kinetic theory, 91 Kulchitsky cells, 7, 168 INDEX L Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 172, 173, 175-176, 184, 187 Lead, 49, 61, 104, 106, 110, 115, 126-128, 130, 203, 205, 206-207, 224 Liver cancer, 54, 56 Localized deposition, 37-38, 75, 76, 77, 81, 155 Lung cancer, 1,4,6,9, 11, 16,72, 137 adenocarcinomas, 172, 173, 179, 184, 187, 189 age, growth, injury and, 53, 55-56, 175, 177, 188 cells of origin, 56, 166-189 gender differences, 53 genetics, general, 54, 177, 178- 180 large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 172, 173, 175-176, 184, 187 plutonium and, 56 small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 171-172, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 186-187, 188 squamous cell carcinoma, 170-171, 173, 174-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 187, 188 Lungs, 215 age factors, 144, 147, 148 clearance of aerosols, 79-80, 144 147, 157 deposition of aerosols, 6, 137-144, 147-148, 149-157 emphysema, 153, 154 epithelia, 167-169, 174 fibrosis, 153, 154 morphometry, 6, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 147, 199-200, 201 volume, 138, 142, 144, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156 199-200, 201, 202 M Magnetic resonance imaging, 217, 218 Mass factors, particles, 142 Measurement and measurement techniques, 11, 2~25 changes, 20 diffusion sampler, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110, 118 international standards, 15 Joule-hours per cubic meter, 15 mucous clearance, 77-78 particle size, 90 radiolabeling, 78-80, 145, 149, 154 unattached fraction, 23-25, 26, 95-130 wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124 working level months, 15, 22, 32, 223-227 see also Dose and dosimetry; Equations; Morphometry Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... INDEX Mitigation measures, cost of, 11, 14 Models and modeling age factors, 54 airway, 15, 35, 64, 156, 195, 196, 199-202, 203, 204 clearance, 77-81, 202-207 deposition, 1, 14, 15, 24, 39, 66-67, 71, 72-77, 200, 207-215 diffusion, 91, 92 dosimetric, 1-4, 14, 15, 24, 31-51, 60-82, 180, 194-202 historical perspectives, 24, 60-82 morphometric, 61, 63-82 radon progeny behavior, indoor, 21 respiratory tract, 16, 61, 64, 71-82 time factors, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 60, 155-156, 186, 208 see also Animal studies; Equations; Risk assessment; Theory Moisture, 143, 151 atmospheric, 25 hygroscopicity, 7, 33, 143, 144 Monte Carlo methods, 70, 122 Morphometry, 61-82 bronchial, 67-71, 73, 75, 200, 202, 204, 211 head airways, 63-67 lungs, 6, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 147, 199-200, 201 nasal, 63~7, 72-73 oral processes, 66-67, 72-73, 74 particle size and, 72-76 respiratory tract, general, 61, 63, 67, 71-72 tracheal, 67-71, 73, 75, 204 Mouth, see Oral processes Mucus, 1, 7, 52, 54, 56, 65, 67, 152, 155, 195, 197 carcinogenesis, 168, 181-182, 186 clearance, 15, 35, 46, 78-80, 145-146, 202-203, 205, 206, 227 smoking, 56, 196 N Nasal processes, 1, 2, 6, 38, 39-40, 43 14, 56, 215-223 clearance and, 78, 145 deposition, 1, 3, 38, 39-40, 66, 72-73, 74, 149, 15~152, 216, 218-222 morphometry, 63-67, 72-73 unattached fraction, 40, 218, 219 volume, 151 NCRP, 16, 17 Nucleation theory, 24-25 o Oral processes, 3, 6, 38, 39-40, 72, 142, 151-152, 215-223 243 deposition of particles, 72-73, 74, 216 morphometry, 67, 72-73, 74 p Parenchyma, 150, 155 Particle size, 1, 2, 6, 7, 20, 227-230, 231, 232 activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224 aerodynamic diameter, 139-143 behavior, aerodynamic, 21 clearance and, 144 clusters, particles, 24-25, 92, 116, 125, 126 deposition and, 72-73, 75, 76, 138-143, 157, 212-215 diffusion, 25, 90-95, 208 distributions, 12, 15, 25, 26, 27-28, 110, 117-130, 131, 142, 215 morphometry, 72-76 ultrafine particles, 16, 75, 76, 92, 94, 95, 139, 212 unattached fraction, 1, 2, 11, 12, 15, 23-25, 26' 32, 40, 55, 95-130, 169, 176, 218, 219, 230 Pharynx, 77, 142, 145, 149, 151 Physical activity, 2, 12, 13, 149-150, 151, 227, 230, 231, 233 Polonium, 9, 24, 25, 26, 56, 61, 96, 101-102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 113, 116, 118, 124-125, 128, 194-197, 199, 200, 203, 205, 216, 217, 218, 224 Plutonium, 54, 56 Preexisting conditions, 17, 152-155 see also Disease, preexisting; Smoking Pulmonary acinus, 72 R Racial/ethnic factors, 148, 156 Radiolabeling, 73-74, 78-81, 145, 149, 154 Radium, 26, 54 Reading Prong Formation, 10 Regional deposition, 37-38, 77 Retention, of aerosols, 138, 144, 157; see also Clearance Respiratory tract, 6 aerosol growth, 2 morphometry, 61, 63, 67, 71-72 models, 16, 61, 63, 71-82 see also specific anatomical subsystems Risk assessment, 3, 4, 11-12, 16-17, 166, 185 dosimetric extrapolation, 1, 4, 5, 12, 14, 31-57, 110, 137, 157 Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... 244 s Sampling and samplers diffusion, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110 wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 9~100, 102-107, 11~124 Secretor cells and processes, 2, 3, 6, 25, 37, 41, 42-43, 45, 46, 47, 77, 163, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 227, 229, 230 carcinogenesis, 166, 167, 172, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189 hyperplasia and, 46, 48, 233, 234 thoron, 50 see also Mucus Sedimentation, gravitational, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209, 210 Sex differences, see Gender differences SIMPLEX algorithms, 118 Skin tumorigenesis, 54 Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 171-172, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 186-187, 188 Smoking, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 27, 28, 32, 45, 52, 56-57, 79, 128, 129, 130, 155, 196 cellular carcinogenesis and, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188 in equations, 23 Squamous cell carcinoma, 17~171, 173, 174-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 187, 188 Standards, 11 carcinoma classification, 172-172, 175-176 exposure, 26 international, 15 wire screen samplers, 96 State-level action, 10 Stem cells, 6-7 Sulfur dioxide, 25 T Target cells, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35-38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 166, 189, 194-195, 198, 227-230, 234 Temporal factors exposure duration, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 155-156, 186 tumor formation, 6 Testing and test methodology, see Measurement and measurement techniques Thermal processes and effects, 212, 223 activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224 INDEX brownian diffusion, 139, 210 cooking, 128, 130 evaporation, 143 Theory, 194 deposition, 39, 74, 76, 207, 209-210 diffusion, 91, 92 nucleation, 24-25 wire screen penetration, 96 Thorium, 26, 61, 63 Thoron, 49-51, 54, 225-226, 228 Time factors, see Temporal factors Tissue damage, see Injury Tobacco, see Smoking Toxins, other than radon, 1, 12, 15, 25, 56 Trachea, 53, 67-71 clearance, 79, 80, 146, 151, 195, 203 deposition, 6, 20, 73-74, 77, 148, 151, 154, 207, 212 epithelium, 53, 145, 181, 182, 183 morphometry, 67-71, 73, 75, 204 wounding, 55-56 Tubes, diffusion, 92-93, 95, 101, 195 U Ultrafine particles, 16, 75, 76, 92, 94, 95, 139, 212 Unattached fraction, 1, 2, 12, 23-25, 26, 32, 55, 95-130, 230 in equations, 104-107, 114-115 measurement techniques, 23-25, 26, 95-130 nasal processes, 40, 218, 219 Urethane, 56 V Volumetrics, 76, 95, 220 alveolar, 208 lungs, 138, 142, 144, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156, 199-200, 201, 202 nasal, 151 W Wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124 Women, 42-43, 46 see also Gender differences Working level month, 15, 223-227 formula, 22, 32, 225-226 World Health Organization, 172 Wounds, 53, 55-56, 174, 180, 186 Read the entire page →

From page 239...

... Index A Actinium, 61, 64 Activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224 Adenocarcinomas, 172, 173, 179, 184, 187, 189 Aerosols, 2, 21, 32-33, 9~131 characteristics, 32-33, 72, 142-143 penetration, 92-93 see also Clearance; Deposition; Diffusion; Particle size Age factors, 1, 2-4, 12, 14, 16, 34, 42-43, 53, 54, 63, 72, 113, 148, 204, 230, 233 cancer and, 53, 55-56, 175, 177, 188 cell proliferation, 54, 175 disease effects, 154 lung volume, 144, 147, 148 see also Children; Infants Airway diseases allergies, 151 bronchitis, 2, 45, 46, 49, 152, 153, 154, 155, 183, 196, 232, 233 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 153 dose effects, 46-49, 180 Algorithms, 118, 122 Allergies, 151 Alpha radiation, 1, 3-4, 6, 9, 15, 26-27, 106, 137, 166-189 age and susceptibility, 54 cell-level dose, 56, 166, 186, 194-195 dosimetry, general, 1, 3-4, 6, 14, 166, 186 in equations, 22-23, 24 Altitude, 157 Alveoli, 38, 72, 76, 77, 139, 146-147, 148, 149, 152-153, 154, 167-168, 170, 172, 189, 202, 208 AMAD, 108-109 Anatomical factors, 144, 147-148, 157 239 deposition, 6, 138, 141, 144, 147-148 see also Morphometry; specific anatomical systems Animal studies, 6, 54, 55-56, 137, 154, 155, 157, 189, 223-224 Atom bomb survivors, 53, 57 Automated tape samplers, 115-116 Basal cells, 2, 3, 6, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 166, 167, 181-184, 194-195, 197, 198, 231 carcinogenesis, 166, 167, 181-184 thoron, 50 BEIR IV report, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 31, 32, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57 Belgium, 110-113 Benzo[a] pyrene, 55 Biological processes, general, 52 Bismuth, 61, 104, 124, 126-128, 130, 205, 224 Breathing patterns, 1, 6, 77, 137, 138, 140, 144, 148-149, 208, 214, 218-219 altitude factors, 157 in equations, 208-209, 224 ethnic differences, 156 physical activity and, 2, 12, 13, 149-150, 151, 227, 230, 231, 233 reference rates, 6, 226 see also Nasal processes; Oral processes Bronchi, 3, 6, 28, 54, 79, 80, 148, 168, 203, 206 adult females, 42-43 cellular pathology of cancer, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223 epithelium, 35-37, 43, 46-48, 145, 157, 168, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 194-197, 199, 234 hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 55, 233, 234

Read the entire page →

From page 240...

... 240 morphometry, 67-71, 73, 75, 200, 202, 204, 211 particle deposition, 1, 6, 20, 38-39, 47-48, 73-74, 77, 145-146, 148, 152, 195, 200, 206-207, 208, 211, 212-213, 218 stem cells, 6-7 target cells, 35-38, 42, 189, 227-230, 234 Bronchioles, 37, 38, 67, 71, 72, 145, 148, 168, 181, 184, 185, 198-201, 204, 206, 212 Bronchitis, 2, 45, 46, 49, 152, 153, 154, 155, 183, 196, 232, 233 C Carbon tetrachloride, 56 Carcinogenesis and carcinogens, 2, 5-6, 31, 52 age factors, 175, 177, 188 basal cells, 166, 167, 181-184 bronchial cells, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223 classification, carcinomas, 172-173, 175-176 epidemiological data, 1, 11-12, 56, 169, 176, 186-188 epithelia, 168, 169-170, 175, 181-183, 189, 194, 233 genetics, 54, 177, 178-180 hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 49, 53-56, 233, 234 liver cancer, 54, 56 mucosal processes, 168, 181-182, 186 other than radon, 1, 12, 15, 26 secretory cells, 166, 167, 172, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189 skin, 54 smoking, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188 see also Hyperplasia; Lung cancer; specific carcinomas Cell cultures, 54, 167 Cells and cellular processes, 38, 166-189 alpha dosimetry, cell level, 56, 166, 186, 194-195 basal cells, 2, 3, 6, 35, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 166, 167, 181-184, 194-195, 197, 198, 231 bronchi, carcinogenesis, 167, 172, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 223 goblet cells, 168, 181 hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 49, 53-56, 233, 234 Kulchitsky cells, 7, 168 lung cancer, cells of origin, 56, 166-189 proliferation, 53-55, 175, 180-182, 189 smoking and cellular carcinogenesis, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188 INDEX stem cells, 6-7 target cells, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35-38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 166, 189, 194-195, 198, 227-230, 234 see also Secretory cells and processes Children, 2, 3-4, 14, 35, 43 14, 45, 46, 148, 201, 202, 204, 228; see also Infants Chemical processes, unattached fraction, 24-25 Chromosomes, 178-180 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 153 Cilia, 46-47, 67, 78, 79, 138, 144, 145, 147, 168, 181, 182, 195, 196, 203 "A Citizen's Guide to Radon," 10 Classification, carcinomas, 172-173, 175-176 Clearance, respiratory tract, 73, 137, 138, 144 147, 148, 151,227-230 coughing, 147 models, 77-81, 202-207 mucus, 15, 35, 46, 78-80, 145-146, 202-203, 205, 206, 227 nasal, 78, 145 preexisting conditions, 152-155 trachea, 79, 80, 146, 151, 195, 203 Clusters, particles, 24-25, 92, 116, 125, 126 Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, see BEIR IV report Concentration levels, 15-16, 20, 26, 9~131 diffusion, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110 wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124 Cost factors, mitigation, 11, 14 Coughing, 147 D Decay, radioactive, 9, 10, 26, 61, 62, 63, 64, 101, 110, 122, 194, 199, 203 equation, 21-22, 23, 205 Density factors, 139, 142-143 Department of Energy, 194 Deposition, respiratory tract, 3, 6, 72, 137-144, 147-155 anatomical factors, general, 6, 138, 141, 144, 147-148 bronchial, 1, 6, 20, 38-39, 47-48, 73-74, 77, 145-146, 148, 152, 195, 200, 206-207, 208, 211, 212-213, 218 diffusional, 73, 76, 90, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 208, 210 electrostatic, 24, 25, 138, 141 in equations, 94, 207-212, 215, 216, 220, 222 geometry of, 66-67, 138, 195 gravitational sedimentation, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209-210 historical perspectives, research, 137-138

Read the entire page →

From page 241...

... INDEX impaction factors, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210 inertial factors, 117, 138, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152 localized, 37-38, 76, 77, 81, 155 in lungs, 6, 137-144, 147-148, 149-157 models, 1, 14, 15, 24, 39, 66-67, 71, 72-77, 200, 207-215 nasal, 1, 3, 38, 39-40, 66-67, 72-73, 74, 149, 150-152, 216, 218-222 oral, 72-73, 74, 216 particle size and, 72-73, 75, 76, 138-143, 157, 212-215 preexisting conditions, 17, 152-155 regional, 37-38, 77 theory, 39, 74, 76, 207, 209-210 tracheal, 6, 20, 73-74, 77, 148, 151, 154, 207, 212 see also Wire mesh screens Diffusion, 24, 139 Brownian, 139, 210 concentration levels and, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110 conversion coefficients, 24, 33, 90-92 deposition, diffusional, 73, 76, 90, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 208, 210 equations, 24, 90-95, 208 particle size and, 25, 90-95 samplers, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110, 118 theoretical models, 91, 92 through tubes, 92-93, 95, 101, 195 Disease, preexisting, 2, 6, 4~49, 148, 151, 152-155, 234 see also specific diseases DNA, 31, 178, 179, 180-181, 195 Dose and dosimetry, 15-16, 31-57, 6~82 airway disease, general dose effects, 46-49, 180 alpha energy, general, 1, 3-4, 6, 14, 166, 186 cell-level, 56, 166, 186, 194-195 defined, 60 exposure and, 2-4, 5~, 31-32, 34-35, 137, 225, 22~227, 228 historical perspectives, 24, 60-82 models, 1-4, 14, 15, 31-51, 6~82, 180, 194-202 risk assessment, extrapolation, 1, 4, 5, 12, 14, 31-57, 110, 137, 157 target cells, 194-195 thoron, 49-51, 54, 225-226, 228 E Einstein-Cunningham constant, 91 Electricity and electrostatics, 24, 25, 32, 109, 113-114, 118-119, 138, 141 Electron microscopes, 72, 175 241 Emphysema, 153, 154 Environmental Protection Agency, 4, 10 Epidemiological data, 1, 5, 11, 12, 20, 32, 137, 155-157, 169, 173, 176, 177, 184, 186-188 cancer, 1, 11-12, 56, 169, 176, 186-188 historical perspectives, 11, 169, 176 international, 11, 12 smoking, 56, 186-188 see also Risk assessment Epithelia, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 53, 146, 198-199, 206, 234 bronchial, 35-37, 43, 46-48, 145, 157, 168, 170, 175, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 194-197, 199, 234 cancer pathology, 168, 169-170, 175, 181-183, 189, 194, 233 lung, 167-169, 174 thoron uptake, 49-50 tracheal, 53, 145, 181, 182, 183 Equations, 51 alpha radiation, 22-23, 24 breathing, 208-209, 224 particle deposition, 94, 207-212, 215, 216, 220, 222 particle diffusion, 24, 90-95, 208 particle growth, 143 radioactive decay, 21-22, 23, 205 smoking, 23 unattached fractions, 104 107, 114-115 working level month, 15, 22, 32, 223-227 Ethnic factors, 148, 156 Evaporation, 143 Exercise, see Physical activity Exposure, 15-16, 32-33 defined, 223-224 dose and, 2-4, 5-6, 31-32, 34-35, 137, 225, 226-227, 228 duration, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 155-156, 186 indoor atmospheres, 12, 27-28, 32-33, 109-117, 130 mine atmospheres, 12, 26, 107-109 standards, 26 working level months, 15, 22, 32, 223-227 F Fibrosis, 153, 154 Formaldehyde, 56 Formulas, see Equations Fractionation, 55 G Gender differences, 1, 2-3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 15, 34, 42-43, 45, 46, 53, 148, 176, 184, 201-202, 228, 230, 233

Read the entire page →

From page 242...

... 242 Genetics, 54, 177, 178-180, 189 anatomy, 148 carcinogenesis, general, 54, 177, 178-180 DNA, 31, 178, 179, 180-181, 195 lung cancer, 54, 177, 178-180 target cell damage, 31 Geometry airway, 15, 35, 63, 156, 195, 196, 199-202, 203, 204 particle deposition, 66~7, 138, 195 see also Morphometry Germany, Federal Republic, 11, 111-113, 118 Goblet cells, 168, 181 Gravitational factors impaction, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210 sedimentation, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209, 210 H Historical perspectives, 9-11, 26 cancer epidemiology, 169, 176 concentration measurement, 15 deposition of aerosols, research, 137-138 dosimetric models, 24, 6~82 epidemiology, 11, 169, 176 unattached fractionation, 15, 95, 105-109 Hygroscopicity, 7, 33, 143, 144 Hyperplasia, 46-47, 48, 53-56, 233, 234 I Impaction, 74, 76, 117, 149, 150, 151, 208, 210 Inertia, 117, 138, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152 Infants, 2, 3-4, 14, 35, 43 41, 45, 46, 201, 204, 228; see also Children Inflammation, 5, 14, 152 Injury, 53, 55-56, 174, 180, 186 Insulation, 33 International activities and perspectives, 11, 172 epidemiological investigations, 11, 12 measurement standards, 15 International Commission on Radiological Protection, 3-4, 14, 16, 17, 95-96, 101-102, 103, 105-106 J Japan, atom bomb survivors, 53, 57 Joule-hours per cubic meter, 15 K Kinetic theory, 91 Kulchitsky cells, 7, 168 INDEX L Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 172, 173, 175-176, 184, 187 Lead, 49, 61, 104, 106, 110, 115, 126-128, 130, 203, 205, 206-207, 224 Liver cancer, 54, 56 Localized deposition, 37-38, 75, 76, 77, 81, 155 Lung cancer, 1,4,6,9, 11, 16,72, 137 adenocarcinomas, 172, 173, 179, 184, 187, 189 age, growth, injury and, 53, 55-56, 175, 177, 188 cells of origin, 56, 166-189 gender differences, 53 genetics, general, 54, 177, 178- 180 large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 172, 173, 175-176, 184, 187 plutonium and, 56 small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 171-172, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 186-187, 188 squamous cell carcinoma, 170-171, 173, 174-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 187, 188 Lungs, 215 age factors, 144, 147, 148 clearance of aerosols, 79-80, 144 147, 157 deposition of aerosols, 6, 137-144, 147-148, 149-157 emphysema, 153, 154 epithelia, 167-169, 174 fibrosis, 153, 154 morphometry, 6, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 147, 199-200, 201 volume, 138, 142, 144, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156 199-200, 201, 202 M Magnetic resonance imaging, 217, 218 Mass factors, particles, 142 Measurement and measurement techniques, 11, 2~25 changes, 20 diffusion sampler, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110, 118 international standards, 15 Joule-hours per cubic meter, 15 mucous clearance, 77-78 particle size, 90 radiolabeling, 78-80, 145, 149, 154 unattached fraction, 23-25, 26, 95-130 wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124 working level months, 15, 22, 32, 223-227 see also Dose and dosimetry; Equations; Morphometry

Read the entire page →

From page 243...

... INDEX Mitigation measures, cost of, 11, 14 Models and modeling age factors, 54 airway, 15, 35, 64, 156, 195, 196, 199-202, 203, 204 clearance, 77-81, 202-207 deposition, 1, 14, 15, 24, 39, 66-67, 71, 72-77, 200, 207-215 diffusion, 91, 92 dosimetric, 1-4, 14, 15, 24, 31-51, 60-82, 180, 194-202 historical perspectives, 24, 60-82 morphometric, 61, 63-82 radon progeny behavior, indoor, 21 respiratory tract, 16, 61, 64, 71-82 time factors, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 60, 155-156, 186, 208 see also Animal studies; Equations; Risk assessment; Theory Moisture, 143, 151 atmospheric, 25 hygroscopicity, 7, 33, 143, 144 Monte Carlo methods, 70, 122 Morphometry, 61-82 bronchial, 67-71, 73, 75, 200, 202, 204, 211 head airways, 63-67 lungs, 6, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 147, 199-200, 201 nasal, 63~7, 72-73 oral processes, 66-67, 72-73, 74 particle size and, 72-76 respiratory tract, general, 61, 63, 67, 71-72 tracheal, 67-71, 73, 75, 204 Mouth, see Oral processes Mucus, 1, 7, 52, 54, 56, 65, 67, 152, 155, 195, 197 carcinogenesis, 168, 181-182, 186 clearance, 15, 35, 46, 78-80, 145-146, 202-203, 205, 206, 227 smoking, 56, 196 N Nasal processes, 1, 2, 6, 38, 39-40, 43 14, 56, 215-223 clearance and, 78, 145 deposition, 1, 3, 38, 39-40, 66, 72-73, 74, 149, 15~152, 216, 218-222 morphometry, 63-67, 72-73 unattached fraction, 40, 218, 219 volume, 151 NCRP, 16, 17 Nucleation theory, 24-25 o Oral processes, 3, 6, 38, 39-40, 72, 142, 151-152, 215-223 243 deposition of particles, 72-73, 74, 216 morphometry, 67, 72-73, 74 p Parenchyma, 150, 155 Particle size, 1, 2, 6, 7, 20, 227-230, 231, 232 activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224 aerodynamic diameter, 139-143 behavior, aerodynamic, 21 clearance and, 144 clusters, particles, 24-25, 92, 116, 125, 126 deposition and, 72-73, 75, 76, 138-143, 157, 212-215 diffusion, 25, 90-95, 208 distributions, 12, 15, 25, 26, 27-28, 110, 117-130, 131, 142, 215 morphometry, 72-76 ultrafine particles, 16, 75, 76, 92, 94, 95, 139, 212 unattached fraction, 1, 2, 11, 12, 15, 23-25, 26' 32, 40, 55, 95-130, 169, 176, 218, 219, 230 Pharynx, 77, 142, 145, 149, 151 Physical activity, 2, 12, 13, 149-150, 151, 227, 230, 231, 233 Polonium, 9, 24, 25, 26, 56, 61, 96, 101-102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 113, 116, 118, 124-125, 128, 194-197, 199, 200, 203, 205, 216, 217, 218, 224 Plutonium, 54, 56 Preexisting conditions, 17, 152-155 see also Disease, preexisting; Smoking Pulmonary acinus, 72 R Racial/ethnic factors, 148, 156 Radiolabeling, 73-74, 78-81, 145, 149, 154 Radium, 26, 54 Reading Prong Formation, 10 Regional deposition, 37-38, 77 Retention, of aerosols, 138, 144, 157; see also Clearance Respiratory tract, 6 aerosol growth, 2 morphometry, 61, 63, 67, 71-72 models, 16, 61, 63, 71-82 see also specific anatomical subsystems Risk assessment, 3, 4, 11-12, 16-17, 166, 185 dosimetric extrapolation, 1, 4, 5, 12, 14, 31-57, 110, 137, 157

Read the entire page →

From page 244...

... 244 s Sampling and samplers diffusion, 95-96, 101-102, 109-110 wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 9~100, 102-107, 11~124 Secretor cells and processes, 2, 3, 6, 25, 37, 41, 42-43, 45, 46, 47, 77, 163, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 227, 229, 230 carcinogenesis, 166, 167, 172, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189 hyperplasia and, 46, 48, 233, 234 thoron, 50 see also Mucus Sedimentation, gravitational, 74, 76, 139-140, 144, 149, 209, 210 Sex differences, see Gender differences SIMPLEX algorithms, 118 Skin tumorigenesis, 54 Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 171-172, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 186-187, 188 Smoking, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 27, 28, 32, 45, 52, 56-57, 79, 128, 129, 130, 155, 196 cellular carcinogenesis and, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185-188 in equations, 23 Squamous cell carcinoma, 17~171, 173, 174-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 187, 188 Standards, 11 carcinoma classification, 172-172, 175-176 exposure, 26 international, 15 wire screen samplers, 96 State-level action, 10 Stem cells, 6-7 Sulfur dioxide, 25 T Target cells, 15, 25, 31, 32, 35-38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 166, 189, 194-195, 198, 227-230, 234 Temporal factors exposure duration, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 55, 155-156, 186 tumor formation, 6 Testing and test methodology, see Measurement and measurement techniques Thermal processes and effects, 212, 223 activity median thermodynamic diameter, 32-33, 40, 41-42, 45, 49, 108, 139, 215, 224 INDEX brownian diffusion, 139, 210 cooking, 128, 130 evaporation, 143 Theory, 194 deposition, 39, 74, 76, 207, 209-210 diffusion, 91, 92 nucleation, 24-25 wire screen penetration, 96 Thorium, 26, 61, 63 Thoron, 49-51, 54, 225-226, 228 Time factors, see Temporal factors Tissue damage, see Injury Tobacco, see Smoking Toxins, other than radon, 1, 12, 15, 25, 56 Trachea, 53, 67-71 clearance, 79, 80, 146, 151, 195, 203 deposition, 6, 20, 73-74, 77, 148, 151, 154, 207, 212 epithelium, 53, 145, 181, 182, 183 morphometry, 67-71, 73, 75, 204 wounding, 55-56 Tubes, diffusion, 92-93, 95, 101, 195 U Ultrafine particles, 16, 75, 76, 92, 94, 95, 139, 212 Unattached fraction, 1, 2, 12, 23-25, 26, 32, 55, 95-130, 230 in equations, 104-107, 114-115 measurement techniques, 23-25, 26, 95-130 nasal processes, 40, 218, 219 Urethane, 56 V Volumetrics, 76, 95, 220 alveolar, 208 lungs, 138, 142, 144, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156, 199-200, 201, 202 nasal, 151 W Wire screen samplers, 25, 27, 94, 95, 96-100, 102-107, 110-124 Women, 42-43, 46 see also Gender differences Working level month, 15, 223-227 formula, 22, 32, 225-226 World Health Organization, 172 Wounds, 53, 55-56, 174, 180, 186

Read the entire page →

Key Terms

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

Index Pages 239-244

Index
Pages 239-244