Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure (2013) / Chapter Skim
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2 Occupational Standards and Guidelines for Lead
2 Occupational Standards and Guidelines for Lead
Pages 29-46
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From page 29... ...
Table 2-1 presents a comparison of the various occupationalexposure guidelines. US STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES Occupational Safety and Health Administration Lead Standard OSHA was created in 1970 on passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct)
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of Governmental 1995 (blood) Industrial Hygienists European Council 150 µg/m3 70 µg/dL 1998 Directive 98/24 European Union 100 µg/m3 30 µg/dL 2002 Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits German Commission None, because 40 µg/dL for men and 2006 for the Investigation of probably women over 45 years old Health Hazards of carcinogenic 10 µg/dL for women under Chemical Compounds in humans 45 years old in the Work Area United Kingdom 150 µg/m3 25 µg/dL for women of 2002 Health and Safety reproductive age Executive 40 µg/dL for people 16-17 years old 50 µg/dL for all other employees Historical Context In the years preceding the promulgation of the OSHA lead standard, airborne lead exposure limits of 150-200 µg/m3 and BLLs of 80 µg/dL were followed (43 Fed.
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Concerning reproductive effects and effects on children (hyperactivity at BLLs as low as 25 µg/dL) , "OSHA concludes that in order to protect the fetus and newborn from the effects of lead on the nervous system, blood lead levels must be kept below 30 µg/100 g [30 µg/dL]
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In OSHA's opinion, a lower air lead concentration of 40 µg/m3 would not offer a substantial benefit compared with 50 µg/m3. Action Level An action level is an air concentration that triggers the initiation of required activities, such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.
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, the result must be documented in writing, and no additional monitoring is required. When personal exposures exceed the action level but are below the PEL, additional personal monitoring is required every 6 months until two consecutive measurements, collected at least 7 days apart, are below the action level.
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. Medical Monitoring The following are the key points of the OSHA lead standard for general industry regarding medical surveillance (29 CFR 1910.1025(j)
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After an OSHA proposal to revise the occupational health standard for inorganic lead in 1976, NIOSH revised its criteria document in 1978 and lowered its recommended 10-hour TWA for airborne lead from 150 to 100 µg/m3 and its recommended maximum BLL from 80 to 60 µg/dL (NIOSH 1978)
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NIOSH also endorsed a "vigorous medical surveillance program" for workers exposed above the action level but below the proposed maximum air lead concentration of 100 µg/m3. NIOSH estimated that "even at the proposed air standard of 100 µg/m3, less than half of the workers will have blood lead levels above 40 [µg/dL]
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population average blood lead concentration .
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European Union Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits The European Union Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) recommends a lower biologic limit for lead than European
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The commission is responsible for determining the current state of research regarding workplace hazardous-chemical health risks and for advising public authorities about these risks. The MAK Commission proposes MAK values (maximum concentrations at the workplace)
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. Medical surveillance is required for those who have significant air lead exposures.
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Employees who meet either of the above conditions before 2002 may continue to work if BLLs are maintained under 80 µg/dL and ZPP levels are under 20 µg/g of hemoglobin, or ALAD levels are above 6 European units or aminolevulinic acid levels in urine (ALAU) are under 20 mg/g of creatinine.
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. The lead standard requires an initial assessment of lead exposures and requires that air sampling be performed or that air sampling performed in the previous 12 months be used to make the initial determination of employee exposure.
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. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Creation of the OSHA lead standard for general industry in the late 1970s was an important advance over occupational exposure limits that already existed.
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1999. Relationship of blood lead levels to personal hygiene in lead battery workers: Taiwan, 1991-1997.
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1994. Lead exposure in starter battery production: Investiga tion of the correlation between air lead and blood lead levels.
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46 Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel Affairs and Inclusion [online]
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