Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries A Call to Action (2013) / Chapter Skim
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2 Mature Sectors INTRODUCTION The sectors of oil and gas, nuclear energy, and mining (including nonfuel and coal mining) have been in existence for a long time and are well established.
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MATURE SECTORS 25 for all of the mature industries. In addition, data from the Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
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26 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES Industry Overview and Profile The oil and gas industry satisfies more than 60 percent of the total U.S.
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MATURE SECTORS 27 TABLE 2.1 2010 Upstream Technical Oil and Gas Employment (light gray) , Midstream Employment (gray)
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28 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES percent for 2005-2010.
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MATURE SECTORS 29 TABLE 2.2 Historical average salaries for petroleum geoscientists. Years Exper.
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30 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES Oil and Gas Market Trends and Projections The Oil Production Boom U.S.
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MATURE SECTORS 31 FIGURE 2.1 Historical and future U.S. and Canadian oil production shows that combined U.S.
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32 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES found in it)
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MATURE SECTORS 33 Shale gas offsets declines in other U.S. supply to meet consumption growth and lower import needs U.S.
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MATURE SECTORS 35 FIGURE 2.4 U.S. petroleum engineering workforce.
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36 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES are typically the most experienced, highly trained, and senior members of the workforce.
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MATURE SECTORS 37 FIGURE 2.5 The large turnover of retiring industry personnel to a younger workforce is under way. The graph displays the percentage of petrotechnical professionals (PTPs)
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38 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES 100 16 90 14 80 Number of Students Faculty 12 Number of Faculty 70 Students 10 60 50 8 40 6 30 4 20 10 2 0 0 FIGURE 2.6 Median size of geoscience departments based on number of faculty and number of students.
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MATURE SECTORS 39 Recent History of Boom and Bust FIGURE 2.7 U.S. petroleum engineering enrollment for 1972-2010.
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40 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES Undergrad Enrollment by School FIGURE 2.8 Petroleum undergraduate enrollment by university.
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MATURE SECTORS 41 FIGURE 2.9 Petroleum degrees granted in the United States. SOURCES: Heinze (2004)
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42 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES geological and engineering concepts.
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MATURE SECTORS 43 ment. H-1B visas are typically for professional jobs that require a minimum of a bachelor's degree in a specific academic field.
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44 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES academia could work together to create programs to attract high school seniors to study technical disciplines.
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MATURE SECTORS 45 BOX 2.1 Program 1: The Petroleum Engineering Technology Program at Houston Community College–-Northeast Energy Institute The Petroleum Engineering Technology Program (HCC, 2012) is designed to prepare people to work as petroleum engineering technicians in the oil and gas and related industries.
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46 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES BOX 2.2 Program 2: The Cooperative Development Energy Program at Fort Valley State University The Cooperative Development Energy Program (CDEP)
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MATURE SECTORS 47 FIGURE 2.10 Comparison of achievements of GeoFORCE students with other educational indicators. SOURCE: Ratcliff and Snow (2011)
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48 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES Figure 2.11 U.S.
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MATURE SECTORS 49 BOX 2.5 Program 5: The Greater Houston Partnership Energy Collaborative The focus of the Greater Houston Partnership's Energy Collaborative (Houston's Energy Future, 2011; Schott, 2011) is to attract a workforce for the many greater-Houston-area energy companies.
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50 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES by recent technological advances in drilling and completion in uncon ventional shale reservoirs, advancements in oil sands development, and strong commodity prices.
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MATURE SECTORS 51 State's CEDP, Penn State University's AfricaArray, and the Greater Houston Partnership Energy Collaborative. (Medium Term)
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52 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES FIGURE 2.13 New construction at an existing two-unit nuclear power plant.
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MATURE SECTORS 53 FIGURE 2.15 In a pressurized light-water reactor system, the reactor core produces heat which is carried by the pressurized water in a coolant loop to the steam generator. This heat in the steam generator, in turn, vaporizes the water in a secondary loop into steam which turns the turbine generator to produce electricity.
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54 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES FIGURE 2.16 In a boiling water reactor system the reactor core generates heat which is absorbed by pure water that is moved through the core to produce a steam-water mixture.
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MATURE SECTORS 55 FIGURE 2.17 Nuclear industry employment distributions by age for 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. SOURCE: Berrigan and McAndrews-Benavides (2011)
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56 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES FIGURE 2.18 Operable nuclear generating units, 1957-2010.
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MATURE SECTORS 57 FIGURE 2.19 Nuclear share of total electricity net generation, 1957-2010.
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58 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES these employees, there are many vendors and contractors called upon to support operations, which may add up to an additional 1,000 workers or more with vari ous skills and competencies.
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MATURE SECTORS 59 TABLE 2.4 Nuclear Power Electricity Generating Capacity and Generation (EIA Reference Case)
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60 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES To date, there have been 21 commercial reactor plants decommissioned or placed in SAFESTOR, and all but 7 still have spent fuel on site (USNRC, 2011b)
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MATURE SECTORS 61 the first phase of testing with technology validation continuing. GNF is a partner ship of GE, Hitachi, and Toshiba (World Nuclear Association, 2012c)
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62 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES systems is a growing business.
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MATURE SECTORS 63 (6,000 workers) more may also require replacement for other reasons (Berrigan, 2010)
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64 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES Nuclear Generation 5-Year Attrition 5,953 16,000 Total Potential Loss - 48% 21,577 14,000 Non Retirement Attrition 29,619 Potential Retirees 12,000 Employees Retained 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 18-22 23-27 28-32 33-37 38-42 43-47 48-52 53-57 58-62 63-67 67+ Age Range Potential Retirees are defined as employees that will be older than 53 with 25+ years of service, or older than 63 with 20 years of service, or older than 67 within the next five years.
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MATURE SECTORS 65 The nuclear industry also works with the Center for Energy Workforce Development (CEWD) in order to leverage programs and sources across the util ity sector, such as the 28 state energy workforce consortia (Berrigan, 2010; Ber rigan and McAndrews-Benavides, 2011)
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66 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES Nuclear Uniform Curriculum Program Map Program Objectives • Develop a robust pipeline of Non-licensed entry level workers Operators • Standardize the education to allow for transferability Radiation • Remove redundancy in initial Protection training programs by taking Accredited Technicians credit for a students education Training • Keep the programs sustainable Chemistry (Industry Partnerships vs.
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MATURE SECTORS 67 faculty members; research funding per faculty member that supports a large but still workable number of graduate students; a broad set of undergraduate and graduate courses in electric power systems, power electronics, and electric machines; and sizable undergraduate and graduate student enrollment in those courses. The general lack of research funding has created difficulties; faculty members in existing classical power engineering programs find it difficult to meet university expectations, and engineering deans find it difficult to justify adding new faculty (IEEE PES, 2009)
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MATURE SECTORS 69 MINING The Importance of Minerals The Center for Strategic Leadership, U.S. Army War College addresses the importance of minerals to the U.S.
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70 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES Table 2.5 Common or Essential Products and Some of Their Mineral Components.
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MATURE SECTORS 71 FIGURE 2.22 U.S. net import reliance for selected nonfuel mineral materials in 2011.
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72 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES challenges.
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MATURE SECTORS 73 facilities with resulting impacts to those farther "downstream" (refining, smelt ing, processing)
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74 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES FIGURE 2.23 Locations of mines in the United States where coal and 74 types of nonfuel mineral and material resources are mined and processed.
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MATURE SECTORS 75 applicable across the four mining sectors, the details in the kinds of training and scale of the workforce at a mine within these categories will vary considerably depending upon the material being produced, for example, at a sand and gravel quarry operating above ground versus an underground metal mine. Although not represented at this level of specificity for mining in any data set, government agency involvement with the mining industry is important to acknowledge and includes the following primary workforce fields (see also Chapter 5)
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76 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES TABLE 2.6 Comparison of Employment Source Data from Public Sources for 2008.
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MATURE SECTORS 77 FIGURE 2.24 Cumulative U.S. mine labor by mine sector over time.
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78 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES TABLE 2.8 Top 10 Industries in Employee Earnings.
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MATURE SECTORS 79 TABLE 2.9 Comparison of Mean Annual Salaries Among Selected Skilled and Semi-skilled Occupations in Mining and Other Industries, May 2011. NAICS Title Occupation Mean Annual Salary ($)
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80 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES The MSHA data show employment of 225,643 in 2010, with 160,146 reflect ing employment at nonfuel mining operators and the remaining 65,497 reflecting employment at nonfuel mining contractors.
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MATURE SECTORS 81 FIGURE 2.25 Consumption of major metals and coking coal increases in concert with in creasing income. Also shown is the percent of global population with respect to per capita in come.
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82 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES History 2010 Projections 30 Total 20 Appalachia 10 West Interior 0 1970 1985 2000 2010 2020 2035 FIGURE 2.26 Coal production by region, 1970-2035, Reference case (quadrillion Btu)
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MATURE SECTORS 83 Because of the net loss of mining-related faculty over the past decades, the nation's capacity to teach mine engineering professionals in the higher-education system is compromised. The general mining workforce confronts a comparable issue, but the immediate problem is probably less acute.
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84 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES development of technical and social competencies within the blue boxes and the approximate age of an individual at these stages of development (arrows on the right side of the figure)
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MATURE SECTORS 85 Competency Laƫce 65 Current RecruiƟng 30 Specialty InnovaƟve 25 RecruiƟng Industry Competency Age 21 Workplace Competency 18 Academic Competency 12 Personal Effectiveness Competency 0 FIGURE 2.27 Competency lattice. SOURCE: Courtesy of Leigh Freeman.
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TABLE 2.11 Distribution of the Mining Workforce by Industry Subsector and Levels of Education and Training, Relative to the Competency Lattice. The first column contains the required education/training in years and the first row of data indicates the distribution of total jobs (in thousands)
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MATURE SECTORS 87 FIGURE 2.28 Progression of degreed professionals in the mining industry over time. SOURCE: Brandon (2012, Fig.
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88 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES interest in minerals issues.
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MATURE SECTORS 89 areas, and a tendency to focus on short-term profit margins rather than long-term investments in research and their benefits. An important recommendation from the NRC (2008a)
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90 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES BOX 2.6 Impacts of Innovation Throughout most of the 20th century, the United States was the largest copper producer in the world.
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MATURE SECTORS 91 BOX 2.7 Renewed Interest in Development of Domestic Deposits of Rare Earth Elements: The Influence of Export Restrictions from China The United States has relied essentially on imports to meet its needs for rare earth elements (REEs) since the mid-1990s.
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92 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES • Government agencies conduct permitting and regulation oversight functions that must balance economic, environmental, and social imperatives, especially in developed economies.
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MATURE SECTORS 93 commodity availability, production costs, and the supply of important and critical minerals through the full mining cycle are important to understanding the evolution of minerals and mining. Such data and information are also critical to the analysis of mining jobs and the min ing workforce.
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94 EMERGING WORKFORCE TRENDS IN THE U.S. ENERGY AND MINING INDUSTRIES With respect to higher education for "professions at risk," including mining engineering, extractive metallurgy, and economic geology (including geochemis try and mining geophysics)
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MATURE SECTORS 95 Shared Recommendation 1: To address the growing demand for trained workers, industry, potentially with government support, should take an active part in developing the workforce of the future by working closely with educational institutions at all levels. Active involvement could include, but would not be limited to, developing a curriculum that trains individuals to be "job ready" upon completion of their certification or degree.
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