Cooperation and Competition on the Path to Fusion Energy A Report (1984) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC WORKSHOPS
APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC WORKSHOPS
Pages 75-98
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From page 75... ...
FIRST WORKSHOP The agenda for the first workshop is shown in Figure l. Technical and Programmatic Considerations In the past the United States has gained substantial technical benefits for its magnetic fusion program from international cooperation.
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J Gavin, Session Chairman Purpose and Scope of the Workshop Joseph Gavin Status of Magnetic Fusion John Clarke Program Plans of Bufbpean Community, Japan, Michael Roberts and USSB and Existing International Cooperation SESSION 2.
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R Borchers, Session Chairman possibilities of Further Cooperation in Plasma Physics and Basic Technology Large Test Facilities Needed for Component Development Panel Discussion on Technical Considerations for Cooperation in Plasma Physics, Basic Technology, and Component Development, Distinguishing Among the Three Major Overseas Programs Robert Conn Charles Baker Robert Borchers (Panel Chairman)
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M Muntzing, Session Chairman Legal Instruments of Agreement for Susan Kuznick International Cooperation Organization and Administration of George Cunningham International Projects Panel Discussion on the Role of Government Manning Muntzing and of Industry in International Projects, (Panel Chairman)
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, that focus effort on critical technical issues and identify research and development needs. At the next level, participation of one or more nations in a technology test facility, a component development and test facility, or a plasma physics experiment of another country could reduce the number of such facilities needed worldwide.
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Policy Considerations The official goals of the U.S. magnetic fusion program, as embodied in the Comprehensive Program Management Plan (CPMP)
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fusion program and a corresponding firm commitment to meet those goals is a prerequisite for establishing international cooperative projects on a major scale. It was noted that one of the principal reasons for the success of the French Super-Phenix project was a clear national policy that assigned the project high priority, strong technical and industrial support, and adequate financial support.
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From page 82... ...
o The countries of the EC believe that leadership in magnetic fusion research lies in Europe in the near future and are skeptical of the reliability of the United States as a partner because of past experiences; consequently, the EC presently shows little inclination to cooperate on major new projects. On the other hand, cooperation with EC would probably be acceptable to Congress; and the technology transfer issues would be easier to resolve.
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From page 83... ...
However, neither IEA nor IAEA, or indeed other existing international organizations, would be suitable as sponsors for a major international project because they all are primarily coordinating, rather than managerial, organizations. Still, an existing international organization may provide a framework for initiating a project, as was the case with the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
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From page 84... ...
provides a relevant example of the principle of "phasing in" an international project. Rather than attempting to define a complete set of international agreements at the outset, INTELSAT was established on an interim basis.
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From page 85... ...
Without clearly defined program goals, it becomes hard to use international cooperation as an effective means of reaching them. Nevertheless, a recent report of the Magnetic Fusion Advisory Committee included the following brief introduction and summary of findings and recommendations with regard to the qualitative benefits of international cooperation in fusion: Fusion research and development have been characterized for several decades by active international cooperation and exchange of ideas.
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R Uhrig, S««sion Oial International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Joint Venture in the Deaign and Ground Testing of the Common Docking System for Apollo-Soyui European Organisation for Nuclear Research International Energy Agency Experience Computers and Semiconductora Joseph Savin Ronald Davidson Kichael Roberta Eric Beckjord Robert White Wolfgang Panofaky Donald Kerr John Manning «•"••*
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0. Kerr, Seaaion Chairman Fusion Energy Potential, and Goala Technical Prospects, Kenneth Fouler Panel Dlscusaon on Programmatic Objectives, Technical Needs, and Baeee for Cooperation in Plasma Phyaici, Reactor Deslgn and Technology, Materials, and Engineering Donald Kerr, (Panel Chairman)
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D Slapaon, S«»«ion Ch«ir»«n Suaaary Conclusions and R«uck« Invited Participants Fusion Laboratory Tour for Invited Participants Coamitt*
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o The international fusion effort will benefit from increased consultation in program planning and from the initiation of coordinated -- or even jointly supported -- research projects. -- Magnetic Fusion Advisory Committee, l983 At the time of the workshop TFCX was identified as the critical near-term project in the U.S.
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From page 90... ...
projects "leapfrogging" their foreign predecessors. It was noted that this course is essentially competitive rather than cooperative in that at any particular moment one group will be "ahead." The following dilemma faces the advocates of specific cooperative projects: on the one hand, the United States should establish its objectives and requirements for an activity before deciding what to offer for international participation; but, on the other hand, potential international partners should be regarded as equals, with full participation in setting cooperative program objectives as well as scope.
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From page 91... ...
The U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Docking Mission There is little direct applicability to the fusion program of the international cooperation between the United States and the USSR in the Apollo-Soyuz spacecraft docking mission. The Apollo-Soyuz mission was a symbolic gesture of scientific cooperation to serve political objectives.
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, with only a couple of specific agreed-upon exceptions. European Organization for Nuclear Research The European Organization for Nuclear Research is a successful cooperative scientific organization, but its experience may not be relevant to fusion power development.
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The Research and Development Committee of IEA, composed mostly of government research and development leaders from the participating nations, decides what research and development projects will be funded. IEA specifically excludes any research and development in nuclear energy because that is covered by the Nuclear Energy Agency.
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Policy Considerations There was a general acknowledgment that international cooperation in the development of magnetic fusion is certainly desirable and probably necessary. This view arose from a balancing of the probable gains and losses related to the policy considerations brought out in the workshop.
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Program planning should consider how to hold industry attention for the long term. The policy panel of the workshop thought that national industrial policy issues, in connection with both national security and the capture of economic benefits, and technology transfer issues would become increasingly difficult as magnetic fusion development moves toward engineering tests and utilization technology development.
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It was acknowledged, however, that it is often hard to get commitments for international activities for more than three to four years; but, even if so limited, international cooperation can be helpful to all participants. The meetings following the Summit of Industrialized Nations at Versailles in l982 and Williamsburg in l983 offer an opportunity for international cooperation in magnetic fusion development that may not easily be created again.
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This fact makes international cooperation difficult. Nevertheless, the participation of industry is an important aspect of fusion development, both as a matter of policy and in implementation of policy.
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From page 98... ...
o The effort should call on U.S. industry as well as the fusion research community to the greatest extent possible.
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