Capturing Change in Science, Technology, and Innovation Improving Indicators to Inform Policy (2014) / Chapter Skim
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2 Concepts and Uses of Indicators
2 Concepts and Uses of Indicators
Pages 11-28
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From page 11... ...
User diversity was therefore an important key determinants in systems and guide policy development. consideration as the panel deliberated on which indicators Most familiar indicators are related to the weather or the the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics economy.
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From page 12... ...
30) , Wehrmeyer and colleagues give the generic definition of foresighting as follows: "Fore- 3UNU-MERIT -- the United Nations University Maastricht Economic sighting is a process by which one comes to a fuller understanding of the and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology -- is a research forces shaping the long-term future which should be taken into account in and training center of the United Nations University and works in close policy formulation, planning and decision-making.
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Economists, policy analysts, information scientists, mate- As shown in Figure 2-1, the key question on which rial scientists, physicists, statisticians, and geographers (all almost all users want bedrock statistics is: What are the represented on the panel) have different predilections for social returns to public and private expenditures on STI how to develop a representative model of the STI system.
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Communication Global infrastructures innovation network Knowlege generation, diffusion, and use innovation systems Firm's capabilities Regional and networks National innovation system National innovation capacity FIGURE BOX 2-1A SOURCE: National Science Board (2012b)
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FIGURE BOX 2-1B SOURCE: Cornell University, INSEAD, and World Intellectual Property Organization (2013)
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Outcomes and impacts are the near-term and long-term effects and ramifications to the economy or society in which the technological ecosystem operates. Productivity and returns on expenditures are often used to measure economic outcomes of STI activities.
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This model (see Figure Box 2-1F) shows the importance of measuring nodes and connections between nodes, which show the influence on health outcomes of various elements in the system.
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All of these top-level issues -- indicators on linkages in addition to existing indicators on drivers, trends, advances, vulnerabilities, relationships, and activities such as R&D, trade in R&D services, and the prodistributions -- have underlying metrics that users want.6 duction and mobility of highly qualified people. Workshop At the panel's June 2012 workshop, representatives of participants also stressed that a system exists in space and the OECD-National Experts on Science and Technology time, and looking in more detail at regions is important, as Indicators (NESTI)
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In the future, NSF intends to add more multiple classifications of science and engineering fields tables to cover some of the most requested data items that are not currently could be reconciled. The study recommended that a followtabulated at the detailed level." on data taxonomy study be conducted to produce consistent 12The panel was able to obtain data tables from NCSES.
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. make the changes necessary to 2-1 -- STI activities, outputs and outcomes, and linkages; improve the comparability of the federal funds taxonomy and metrics related to actors and intermediate inputs in the the taxonomy for the academic research and development system appear under activities and outcomes.
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From page 21... ...
In and attempts to draw them are imperfect. Therefore, link- addition to measures of innovation activities that are used ages between various elements of the system are highlighted in the developed-country context, Dahlman presents several throughout the report to help the reader appreciate why a indicators that are particularly useful early warning signals suite of indicators is important for a fuller understanding of of the potential for ascendency of a developing country in drivers, trends, advances, and vulnerabilities in the global the international innovation system.
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(early-stage, expansion, and replacement) and venture capital investments in S&T V as a share of GDP • umber of initial public offerings (IPOs)
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P • ntangible assets I • verage length of a firm's product life cycle or how often the firm usually introduces innovations A • irths and deaths of businesses linked to innovation outputs; firm dynamics by geography, industry, business size, and business age B • nowledge depreciation K • nowledge stocks and flows in specific sectors, including nanotechnology; information technology; biotechnology and agriculture research (local K foods, organic foods, biofuels, environment, nutrition, health) ; oil and gas production; clean/green energy; space applications; weapons; health care technologies; educational technologies (massive open online courses [MOOCs]
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From page 24... ...
) T • echnology transfer from national laboratories T indicators of human capital stocks and flows,15 and it has rability of STI indicators internationally, thereby improving many essential indicators of firm activities in R&D, innova- the utility of these measures for a variety of users.
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A key caveat, however, is that subnational STI sta- that together contribute to the success or failure of a given tistics are scarce relative to comparable national statistics. idea and therefore is highly local.
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STI equity investments analytically, yet each needs indicators to manage its invest- (from various sources, including venture capital)
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If so, then data on years of schooling and degrees awarded are useful policy indicators 18NCSES's state-level indicators are available in the following areas: independent of their indirect implications for the economic elementary, secondary, and tertiary education; workforce; financial R&D rate of return. inputs; R&D outputs; and S&T in the state economy (including venture capital activity, Small Business Innovation Research awards, and hightechnology business activity)
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From page 28... ...
in formal educational institutions than we have on training Many government policy choices explicitly or implicitly that occurs on the job, or is otherwise provided by firms affect the STI system, including R&D subsidies (and other without recourse to formal educational institutions. tax policies)
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