Capturing Change in Science, Technology, and Innovation Improving Indicators to Inform Policy (2014) / Chapter Skim
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5 Measuring the Three K's: Knowledge Generation, Knowledge Networks, and Knowledge Flows
5 Measuring the Three K's: Knowledge Generation, Knowledge Networks, and Knowledge Flows
Pages 59-72
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From page 59... ...
nation-states.1 Therefore, indicators of knowledge generation Quite a few data elements, such as research and developfocus on attributes of human capital inputs and related out- ment (R&D) , patents, bibliometrics, and trade in technology, puts.
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From page 60... ...
technical services unless they are an integral part of an A recent OECD (2012c) study titled Knowledge Networks R&D project; and Markets in the Life Sciences describes key aspects of the • market research; three K's in which indicators require further development.
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From page 61... ...
include only current expenditures. Depreciation is International comparisons entail fundamental issues reported in place of gross capital expenditures in the such as language (e.g., the Japanese term for "innovation" business enterprise sector.
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From page 62... ...
is a growing need to measure international R&D transactions properly and to deal with the problem of nonpriced transfer of R&D within multinational enterprises. All of these issues Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D require expert data manipulation and statistical analysis, (GBAORD)
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From page 63... ...
: would shed some light on the question of whether the United States is increasingly depending on knowledge generated in • The value distribution of patents is skewed as many other countries. And better measuring of technology receipts patents have no industrial application (and hence and payments would show which countries are net buyers or are of little value to society)
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From page 64... ...
As NCSES Bibliometric data potentially can be used to create a continues to disseminate patent data as part of its STI indi- number of additional indicators to provide further detail on cators program, it would be valuable to users to have clear linkages across research areas or by geographic location. cautions regarding the use and misuse of these statistics for This information can be particularly valuable for mapping decision-making purposes.
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From page 65... ...
The time required to and that take into account the skewed distributions of cita- process and release R&D statistics increased significantly tions across papers." Bornmann and Marx describe tech- following the introduction of BRDIS, which is a longer niques using percentiles to create normalized indicators, an and more complex survey than its predecessor, the Survey improvement on impact factors and Hirsh's (h) index.19 To of Industrial Research and Development.
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From page 66... ...
An immediate trade surveys and BEA's surveys of foreign direct investment. policy question was how much R&D, measured in terms of Other differences exist between BRDIS and BEA data on expenditures, was outsourced to countries such as Brazil, the international balance of payments in R&D trade: BEA's China, or India, and whether R&D was performed by for- testing services, which are part of the research, developeign affiliates or purchased from other companies.
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From page 67... ...
Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) should make greater use of data from its Business Research Intangible Assets and Development and Innovation Survey to provide indicators of payments and receipts for research Until recently, the important role of knowledge-based and development services purchased from and sold capital (KBC)
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From page 68... ...
First, capital deepening is United States give a sense of the relative importance of vari- the dominant source of economic growth once intangibles are ous components of KBC as defined above (Corrado et al., recognized. Second, deepening of intangible capital accounts 2006)
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From page 69... ...
Although ingly be determined by KBC. After offering answers to the the panel believes work on intangible assets may generate question of why business is investing in KBC, the OECD useful STI indicators, it believes NCSES should not seek to report focuses on policy questions.
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From page 70... ...
Knowledge Networks The Canadian panel notes that the responsibility for fostering Compared with the measurement of innovation, the mea- innovation cuts across many functions of government and surement of knowledge production is more clearly connected therefore requires a system-wide perspective and whole-ofto geographic location. A number of initiatives by successive government priority.
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From page 71... ...
That panel's analysis also raised the be acquired from other agencies. In the near term, NCSES question of how to compare existing R&D support programs.
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