Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements Examining Safety: Workshop Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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2 Intake and Exposure to Caffeine
2 Intake and Exposure to Caffeine
Pages 11-30
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From page 11... ...
Petersen, Ph.D., M.P.H., of Exponent, panelists considered different methods being used to assess levels of caffeine exposure in the U.S. general population.
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Most beverage caffeine intake in the United States comes from coffee and, to a lesser extent, tea and carbonated soft drinks, with energy drinks contributing very little. En ergy drink consumption was not estimated in the 1999 survey.
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The online surveys required dragging and dropping beverage categories (soda/pop, hot coffee, iced coffee, milk, bottled water, and so forth) into different drinking occasion slots and then entering product details, including the type of beverage, amount consumed, where it was consumed, brand name, and other descriptive information.
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From page 14... ...
Although Mitchell and colleagues analyzed total caffeine intakes for all age groups across all categories, because coffee, carbonated soft drinks, tea, and energy drinks contributed approximately 98 percent or more of the caffeine consumed, Mitchell presented data only for those four categories. The analysis covered only caffeinated beverage consumers, that is, consumers who drank 1 or more caffeinated beverages in 7 days, and only consumers 2 years of age and older.
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For children, intakes were distributed fairly equally across coffee, carbonated soft drinks, and tea. Energy drinks contributed very little to beverage caffeine intakes.
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. Among all ages, 55 percent of all caffeinated beverage consumers consumed coffee, 63 percent carbonated soft drinks, 53 percent tea, and 4 percent energy drinks.
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Beverages Total Coffee Drinks Total Tea Drinks All ages 165±0.9 105±0.8 28±0.2 28±0.3 2.6±0.1 2–5 24±1.8 6±1.4 7±0.5 9.7±0.8 0.3±0.1 6–12 37±1.2 8±0.8 15±0.5 12±0.6 1.9±0.3 13–17 83±2.2 24±1.6 28±0.8 24±1.1 6.1±0.8 18–24 122±4.2 60±3.6 31±1.2 23±1.3 6.2±0.8 25–34 137±2.2 80±2 32±0.7 21±0.7 3.6±0.3 35–49 199±2.1 126±2.0 38±0.6 32±0.7 2.5±0.2 50–64 226±1.8 159±1.7 28±0.4 37±0.7 0.9±0.2 65 and older 207±2.3 159±2.2 16±0.4 32±0.7 0.9±0.2 NOTE: Total caffeinated beverages include carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, total coffee, total tea, and a small percentage (1–4 percent depending on age group) from other sources (cocoa and chocolate-containing beverages, energy shots)
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SOURCE: Diane Mitchell. Presented to the Planning Committee for a Workshop on Potential Health Hazards Associated with Consumption of Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements on August 4, 2013.
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So even though some energy drinks contain levels of caffeine similar to those of coffee, consumption of caffeine from energy drinks contributed little to total caffeine intake. Caffeine intakes, in particular from coffee, for children between the ages of 2 and 12 years were higher than previously reported.
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Overall, caffeine intakes remain largely driven by coffee consumption and, to a lesser extent, tea and carbonated soft drinks. Energy drink intakes contribute very little.
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For soda, the range is 0 to 65 mg/RACC, with the most commonly consumed soda being a cola-type soda containing about 20 mg/RACC. Finally, for energy drinks included in the NHANES database, the range is 45 to 86 mg/RACC, with the most frequently consumed energy drink containing 72 mg/RACC.
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SOURCE: NHANES. Usual Intake by Consumption Event A consumption event was defined as every time an individual consumed a food or beverage with caffeine, whether it was chocolate milk, coffee ice cream, coffee, an energy drink, cola, or something else.
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The total population mean per consumption event was 65 mg. But among children 2 to 11 years, mean usual intake per consumption event was about 15 mg per event; among adolescents, it was about 35 mg; and among adults, it was 70 to 80 mg, depending on the age group (see Figure 2-3)
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. Trends in Caffeine Intake Trends in caffeine intake data were assessed using single 24-hour recall information collected over time, using data from 2001 to 2010.
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Coffee is the largest source of caffeine in adults. Energy drinks contribute little to the caffeine intake for any age group, although a small increase in intake (1 mg per 2-year data release)
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; and some age groups had a small number of consumers of energy drinks. PANELIST DISCUSSION WITH THE AUDIENCE Following Fulgoni's presentation, workshop participants were invited to ask questions of the two panelists.
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Mitchell and Fulgoni agreed that such an analysis could be done, for example, by analyzing consumption events per single day. Still, there might not be enough people consuming energy drinks to examine energy drink exposures in particular, depending on the age group.
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Fulgoni agreed that there is very little consumption of caffeinecontaining dietary supplements. When asked whether the data he presented included Monster Energy consumption, given that Monster Energy was classified as a dietary supplement until recently, he replied "yes." If the interest is in sports and fitness, Fulgoni pointed out, it would be possible to analyze caffeine intake based on the activity metrics that are included in some of the NHANES datasets.
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Likewise, with the NHANES database, according to Fulgoni, its robustness would allow for analyzing consumption of multiple types of beverages. He cautioned, however, that a robust estimate of energy drink consumption in children would probably require future oversampling.
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2013. Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S.
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