Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements Examining Safety: Workshop Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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7 Other Compounds Impacting Caffeine Effects
7 Other Compounds Impacting Caffeine Effects
Pages 129-144
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From page 129... ...
Box 7-1 reviews key points made by speakers. INTERACTION BETWEEN ENERGY DRINK INGREDIENTS AND CAFFEINE Presented by Stephen Schaffer, Ph.D., University of South Alabama Several times throughout the workshop, participants considered whether the health effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks and other products with added caffeine are different from those of coffee and other products with naturally existing caffeine.
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From page 130... ...
Although it is unethical to conduct randomized clinical trials among pregnant women, she said, "We can do a much better job of conducting observational studies." • Given the lack of data on whether and how caffeinated energy drink ingredients are associated with cardiac death, for Jeffrey Goldberger the question is: how can those data be collected? He called for a clin ical assessment to determine whether the reported observations of cardiac death create a signal suggesting that there might be an asso ciation.
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From page 131... ...
Normally, humans are exposed to about 38 mg per day, with average energy drink consumers exposed to about 126 mg per day. Among heavy energy drink consumers, that is, those in the 95th percentile, exposure is quite high, about 840 to 900 mg per day.
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From page 132... ...
The researchers administered energy drinks to study participants, with some energy drinks lacking caffeine, some lacking taurine, and some lacking both. They found that taurine did not significantly impact urine output or natruresis.
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Herbal Supplements Schaffer described herbal supplements in caffeinated energy drinks, including guarana, the seeds of which contain greater amounts of caffeine than coffee beans do (Woods, 2012)
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PANELIST REMARKS Carl L Keen, Ph.D., University of California, Davis Carl Keen stressed the importance of the fact that, although Schaffer covered some of the major compounds of today's energy drinks, "this will be a very moveable target." Because of market competition, energy drinks on the market 6 months or 1 year from now may have very different compositions.
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From page 135... ...
University of Texas Medical School, Houston John Higgins reiterated what Schaffer had stated about the lack of clinical studies on many of the other compounds present in caffeinecontaining energy drinks. A lesson learned in cardiology is that findings from in vitro studies do not always hold true in clinical trials.
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From page 136... ...
Although it would be unethical to conduct randomized clinical trials in the pregnant population, she said, "We can do a much better job of conducting observational studies." Chambers also raised an additional issue: the consumption of energy drinks in combination with alcohol. She observed that the use of energy drinks in combination with alcohol appears to attenuate the depressant effects of alcohol, with one recent study reporting that adults who consume energy drinks in combination with alcohol are more likely
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From page 137... ...
If an increased risk exists, in Goldberger's opinion, it is "probably very small." Otherwise, given how much exposure there has been to caffeinated energy beverages, it would already be detectable. "If one is concerned about the small potential increase in risk related to sudden cardiac death," he said, "one has to come up with a strategy that would be able to address that very, very small increased risk." He stressed the importance of collecting observations, such as the case report mentioned by Higgins, and then conducting clinical assessments to evaluate those observations and determine whether together
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From page 138... ...
to the "demonizing" of energy drinks and the need for an assessment of the science of the safety of caffeine exposure to consider all of the many different types of food and beverages that contain caffeine. The Challenge of Detecting a Small Health Risk A member of the audience commented on the large number of energy drinks being sold compared to the very small number of sudden cardiac deaths being reported.
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From page 139... ...
Higgins explained that stroke volume, heart rate, and blood pressure all increased in the group who consumed the energy drink with taurine and that those individuals were doing more work for the same amount of exercise. Myocardial oxygen consumption is determined by maximal heart rate and blood pressure (or rate pressure product)
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From page 140... ...
A member of the audience asked whether some of the other ingredients in caffeinated energy drinks, such as taurine, are added primarily as a way to include their name on the label and give consumers the impression that there is something special about a product. Are their concentrations great enough to affect taste or to have physiological effects?
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Many factors must converge at a particular time in order to create that environment. Even if sudden cardiac death is related to caffeine ingestion, it probably emerges in people who have been ingesting caffeine for years.
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2012. Comparison of the effects of energy drink versus caffeine supplementation on indices of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure.
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From page 143... ...
2006. Diuretic potential of energy drinks.
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