Mines and Bunkers Volume 10, Fire Safety Aspects of Polymeric Materials (1980) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX C: SMOKE HAZARDS AND MEASUREMENTS OF SMOKE OPACITY
APPENDIX C: SMOKE HAZARDS AND MEASUREMENTS OF SMOKE OPACITY
Pages 153-166
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From page 153... ...
R Gaskill, "Smoke Hazards and Their Measurement; A Researcher's Viewpoint, Journal of Fire and Flammability, 4 ( 1 973)
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From page 154... ...
System Be 1 n g S t ud 1ed 6 Synerg1sm Comb o n ed E f f e ct s No Beong S t ud 1ed SMO K E OPAC I T Y S moke opacity, or l ight obscurat i o n , is commonly measu red by determ i n i ng the atten uat ion of l ight from a sou rce th rough a col u m n of smoke onto a photo· e lect r i c ce l l . Table 4 sh ows the methods co m m o n l y used in this country for t h i s purpose.
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From page 155... ...
X (") Smoke measu rernent : Met hod I n tegr a t ed ra t e I n tegr a t ed r a t e A c c u m u l a t •on ; ma x • mu m Same as N B S r a t e os measured .
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From page 156... ...
It may be ex posed to fl ame or no flame. It may be subjected to no ven t i l ation, to mi nor vent i l ation, or to considerable venti l at i on .
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From page 157... ...
The u t i l ity of th is specific optical density, 0 5 , w i l l be d iscussed later. O ther va l ues of i nterest are O m , the ma x i m u m specific optical densi ty ob· tai ned i n a test; T m , the time it occurs; A m , the ma x imum rate of change of specific opt i cal dens i ty ; T m the t i me at wh i ch it occu rs; and T-1 6, the t i me at , • wh ich the specific opt i cal density reaches a va l ue of 1 6.
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From page 158... ...
I t l ,t 1 o () l s,, t , l t 1 0h.t b 1 \ JH O tMl> l \ ha / a r d O U \ I n t h' • \ 1110 k • sa t .· s m o k t · h,t/,t t dous smoke s mo l u A l so shown i n Table 5 are t he i n -house smoke standards used at l l l to attach descr i pt i ve terms to va l ues obtai ned for ma x i m u m smoke density, obscu ra t ion t i me, and smoke obscuration i nde x .
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From page 159... ...
Under flaming e x posure, a considerably l ower val ue i s ach ieved . By plott i ng the max imum smoke de nsities obta i ned agai nst various vent i la t ion rates, the values for red oak are typica l ly shown in F igure 4.
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From page 160... ...
M I NE S AND B U N K E R S 400 Non · f lomint F l o m ont ..
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From page 161... ...
U nder f l am i ng ex posure, the f i re retardant variety qu ick ly y i e lded a very dense smoke. The other two smoked as fast but to a smal ler degree.
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From page 162... ...
Curves obtained show the smoke· den sity t i me cu rves, for a po lyester/epox ide coat i ng on th ree·eighth i n ch gypsum wal l boa rd . U nder the nonfl am i ng exposu re , the results were as ex pected.
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From page 163... ...
600 r -- -- -, -- r- 100 1 I 67- On I cement boorct , norm o i l y cond i t i oned I I Nonf lom i ng 50 ...
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From page 164... ...
5 W/cm 2 rad iant heat f l u x ex posure - ca n be summarized as fol l ows : 1 . Woods, i ncl uding sol id woods, plywood, and other ce l l ulosi cs, show curves s i m i lar to those for red oak in the flami ng and nonf l am i ng e x posures, both with and w i tho ut ven t i l ation.
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From page 165... ...
E Waterman , "Abi l ity of Smai i ·Scale Tests to Pred ict Smoke Prod uct i on," Fire Technology, 7 ( 1 97 1 1 , pp .
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