Toward the Prevention of Alcohol Problems Government, Business, and Community Action (1984) / Chapter Skim
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ALCOHOL AND THE MASS MEDIA
ALCOHOL AND THE MASS MEDIA
Pages 79-177
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From page 79... ...
The health worker leaps into the water and pulls out the drowning person. Just as the victim is being revived, there is another cry for help, and the same process is repeated.
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From page 80... ...
The most common understanding of alcohol education is through the schools or planned mass media campaigns. This paper, however, addresses the unplanned types of alcohol education that occur during television programming and advertising.
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From page 81... ...
This is not to say that specific skills to facilitate safer drinking practices cannot be taught in the classroom or through mass media campaigns. The potential success of these efforts or their possible failure will, however, be greatly affected by the supportiveness of the rest of the environment in which social behavior and alcohol use takes place.
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From page 82... ...
Senate, 1976) on media images of alcohol, he could not find one scholarly reference on alcohol and mass media.
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From page 83... ...
Keyed by the brief federal study that had been done in the interim, the Christian Science Monitor found gratuitous use of liquor, inappropriately humorous portrayals of drunkenness, the association of drinking with sophistication, and the use of alcohol as a tension reliever. Alcohol consumption, particularly the use of distilled spirits, was found to be far out of proportion to the use of other, more common beverages that people actually consume.
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From page 84... ...
Although drinking was common and heavier drinking was the mode, the researchers reported little disapproval of alcohol abuse, and when disapproval was seen it tended to be mild. In addition, more often than not no serious consequences of alcohol abuse were shown (Breed and DeFoe, 1981)
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From page 85... ...
(This is much the way that cigarettes were used in the mass media in the 1940s and 1950s.) The third and fourth purposes, ceremonial drinking and drinking for manipulation, were found with limited frequency.
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From page 86... ...
It really makes little sense to compare consumption of water, soda, or alcoholic beverages on television with their actual consumption in real life. Television deals with smaller than 24hour segments of people's lives.
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From page 87... ...
When this exposure is stretched over a year, considering current levels of television viewing and alcohol-related incidents, a person under the legal drinking age will be exposed to more than 3,000 acts of drinking over the course of a year (Greenberg et al., 1979)
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From page 88... ...
, commenting on proposed reforms in the advertising of alcoholic beverages (federal regulations have not been revised since their promulgation in the early 1930s) , concluded that alcoholic beverage advertising is misleading in two ways: (1)
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From page 89... ...
. Two recent studies on the content of alcoholic beverage advertising in national magazines (Strickland et al., 1982)
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From page 90... ...
At a time when many consumer groups are entering the debate over the wisdom of massive alcoholic beverage advertising, the research that is expedient will be used to hammer a particular viewpoint. This is an important part of the process of establishing reasonable public policy.
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From page 91... ...
Strategies for Change The prevention of alcohol-related problems requires far-reaching strategies that address the conditions contributing to the development and maintenance of these problems. The mass media, particularly through television programming and advertising, are important contributors to the social environment in which drinking takes place.
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From page 92... ...
Recently the Caucus for Producers, Writers, and Directors sent out a "white paper" to its members. Ostensibly this action, reported 22 February 1983 in the newspapers, was actually a reaction to the crash, caused by a drunk driver, that seriously injured actresses Mary Martin and Janet Gaynor and killed Martin's manager.
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From page 93... ...
is the federal regulatory agent for alcoholic beverage advertising. It has been almost five years since BATF announced the pending revision of existing regulations and called for public comment.
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From page 94... ...
There have been several excellent suggestions for strategies to deal with alcoholic beverage advertising. Consumer groups such as the Center for Science in the Public Interest (Jacobson et al., 1983)
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From page 95... ...
The usual focus of prevention efforts since Prohibition has been the individual drinker, with little or no attention given to the producers, marketers, or distributors of alcoholic beverages. This has resulted in a narrow range of prevention strategies that usually rely on small-scale (school or community)
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From page 96... ...
have pointed out, the alcoholic beverage industry is quite willing to educate the public about the good life associated with alcohol but not about the potential negative consequences. If we are serious about preventing alcohol-related problems, we need to start addressing some of the critical ethical issues that are evident in television programming and alcoholic beverage advertising.
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From page 97... ...
First, Mary Martin and Janet Gaynor were critically injured in San Francisco when their taxi was hit by a drunk driver. Second, Natalie Wood, after a few glasses of wine, slipped off the side of a boat and drowned trying to do something she had done many times.
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From page 98... ...
6. Don't associate drinking alcohol with macho pursuits in such a way that heavy drinking is a requirement for proving one's self as a man.
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From page 99... ...
How receptive are the industry and the public to the proposition that the advertising of alcoholic beverages should be subject to special restraints? Historically, both the industry and the public believed that alcoholic beverage advertising was in fact a special case.
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From page 100... ...
As Kraft Foods discovered when it proposed to go into wine marketing, Wall Street analysts have a greater influence over who succeeds than the federal government does.) When you talk about restricting beer advertising, you talk about curtailing the money available for sponsoring professional football broadcasts on television, taking bread and butter from the mouths of 7-foot-tall basketball stars and superstar extra-point kickers.
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From page 101... ...
It seemed obvious to her that a civilized society would be concerned about television ads that sell highly sugared breakfast cereals to young children. But by the time the public relations folks had done their thing, The Washington Post was denouncing the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
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From page 102... ...
Congress does in fact have power to prohibit liquor advertising on the air if it opts to insert such restrictions in the licenses issued to broadcasters. Drunk driving is something the public understands.
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From page 103... ...
COMMENTS ON ALCOHOL AND THE MASS MEDIA SHEILA BLUME, National Council on Alcoholism The portrayal and interpretation of events and circumstances in our lives by the media extends beyond fictional characterizations in programming and advertising. Consider the deaths of four brilliant and talented men who died due to alcoholism, and the way their deaths were interpreted.
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From page 104... ...
EDWARD BRECHER, West Cornwall, Connecticut The mass media have clearly played a central role in molding popular views on alcoholism. Almost everyone knows, for example, thanks mainly to the mass media, that alcoholism is a disease and should be treated as a disease and that alcoholics cannot take just one drink.
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From page 105... ...
I defy anyone to develop an educational campaign that will reduce the consumption of alcohol by 66.6 percent. BARRY SWEEDLER, National Transportation Safety Board I think some of the most effective means of controlling smoking were the required smoking-and-health ads that were on television when cigarettes were advertised on television.
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From page 106... ...
However, in no way can this legitimate concern be construed as empirical research on the issue. Several years ago, the United States Brewers Association commissioned a major investigation of the role of alcohol beverage advertising in the use and misuse of the product (Finn and Strickland, 1982; Strickland, 1982a, 1982b; Strickland et al., 1982)
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From page 107... ...
It was developed over a year and a half, with groups of people sitting down in a room much like this, representing the alcoholism field, the media, public health, government representatives, and of course our own members, to get meaningful input about social issues raised and how we could best respond. Those organizations included the National Council on Alcoholism, the Alcohol and Drug Problems Association, the Health Education Foundation, the Association of Labor-Management Administrators and Consultants on Alcoholism, and the NIAAA, which was very helpful in those early stages, as were our sister industries, the brewers and the distillers.
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From page 108... ...
Would advertising that fit these guidelines be described by Breed and DeFoe and others who do content analysis as glamorizing alcohol? PATRICIA SCHNEIDER, Wine Institute From the research we have seen, no wine ads from our member wineries have fallen into the "glamorizing" category.
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From page 109... ...
GEORGE HACKER, Center for Science in the Public Interest Some people have used the metaphor of swimming against the tide and building a dam to stop the flow. The tide that I see is: Alcohol is easily available to young kids, many of them below the drinking age, at prices that make alcohol less expensive than soft drinks.
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From page 110... ...
6 Alcohol, Youth, Drunk Driving WHAT PARENTS CAN DO KEITH SCHUCHARD, Parental Resource Institute for Drug Education Recognizing the Problem: An Intoxicating Media Environment I am an English professor and I would much rather be teaching Milton and Spenser to adolescents than drug and alcohol information. But my own teenagers told me that all parents need "reality education" about popular culture and the everyday world in which kids are growing up.
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From page 111... ...
They should see what children see in the local shopping center -- in the record stores, where songs glamorize alcohol and cocaine; in the T-shirt shops, where there is a tremendous increase in displays of drunkenness-oriented T-shirts. Here are some examples from the nicest gift shops and boutiques, in kiddie sizes for 6-year-old children: "Party till you puke." "Avoid hangovers, stay drunk." "Thank you for pot smoking -- the American Cannabis Society." Here are some T-shirt messages for older children: "A day without dope is like a day without sunshine." "I don't have a drinking problem -- I drink, I get drunk, I fall down.
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From page 112... ...
But only since about 1976 has the lid been taken off what merchants are doing to sell to kids. Alan Blum, who founded "Doctors Ought to Care" -- a maverick group of street guerillas made up of medical students and interns who counteradvertise on cigarette billboards -- calls his presentations "How the Corporate Pushers Keep on Truckin' After the Kids." He shows how the soft drink industry, the wine industry, the tobacco industry, and other corporations are getting kids onto "starter drugs" -- cigarettes, beer, and pop wines -- which we know have links with illicit drug-abuse behavior.
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From page 113... ...
We cannot treat teenagers as little children, using naive prevention strategies. We cannot treat them as adults because they are in a vulnerable period of internal stress, confusion, and irrationality.
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From page 114... ...
Clinical reports are only now beginning to appear in the pediatric literature. We need alcohol information that applies to adolescent and pubertal development.
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From page 115... ...
Teenage Parties and Parental Responsibility I want finally to address the question of adult legal liability in relation to underage drinking. The 16-year-old male driver is statistically the
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From page 116... ...
In my own community in Atlanta, where for many years prevention efforts went nowhere because anything entailing the slightest restriction of individual choice was immediately backed away from -- even when kids were stoned at school or drunk on the highways -- what finally got through to parents was their legal liability. What we say in PTA meetings and such is the following.
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From page 117... ...
I first entered the field of drug and alcohol abuse as a school disciplinarian, responsible for the behavior problems of 3,000 girls in a school in Philadelphia's Little Italy. Though my background was in guidance, administration, and psychology, I had always had children with behavior problems, mainly because I was always bigger than they were.
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From page 118... ...
I visited every nearby drug and alcohol program to see which ones I could trust with the lives of my girls. When I returned I had a pretty good evaluation of which programs I would send girls to, but I also wondered, what am I and the other teachers in the schools going to do about this?
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From page 119... ...
It is not labeled "drug education." It is labeled "personal awareness" or "leadership training'' -- everyone wants to be a leader. We give kids the truth about all the ramifications of drinking and taking drugs.
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From page 120... ...
There are two basic educational approaches to the prevention of youthful alcohol abuse. One can be labeled "direct" or "specific," in that it represents direct efforts specifically concerned with alcohol.
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From page 121... ...
The script was designed to promote the perception that heavy drinking was socially undesirable. Although the frequencies of self-reported drinking at monthly or shorter intervals were comparable at baseline, there were sharp differences between comparison and experimental groups in reported alcohol abuse at follow-up, which suggests that a preventive effect was achieved.
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From page 122... ...
At the beginning and end of the school year the assigned students completed an interview that measured future orientation, self-esteem, and coping styles. Experimental subjects participated in a series of weekly classroom sessions and field trips designed to increase social support and self
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From page 123... ...
How can a school mount an effective alcohol abuse program unless it has adequate funding, unless the teachers are paid well enough that the social climate in the school is not "I hate this place," but "This is a good place to be"? If one says the fundamental problem is the quality of schools and the amount of money that we as a society invest in our children and their socialization, everyone may agree -- but nothing comes of it.
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From page 124... ...
It would be terribly misleading to say, "Let us look just at the quality of education," and forget regulatory laws and prevention curricula and other alcohol-specific measures, but I think we should invest something more than 2-5 percent of our effort in these more general problems, and I do not think we will build successful coalitions for prevention until we do that. PREVENTING DRUNK DRIVING EDWARD KUNEC, Mothers Against Drunk Drivers I am not in this field as a professional but because some 21 months ago my wife and I lost a 20-year-old son, killed by a 19-year-old drunk driver.
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From page 125... ...
, has subsequently been arrested on five infractions related to drunk driving. His attorney has, in our view, subverted the intent of the law, using the legal system such that the individual has served not one day in jail.
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From page 126... ...
This is the key: the more people become knowledgeable about this problem, the better off our communities will be. COMMENTS ON ALCOHOL, YOUTH, AND DRUNK DRIVING FRANK RAFLO, County of Loudoun, Virginia In light of the many suggestions for using the law to control the problems we have been discussing, I would particularly like to know what the evidence is on whether restrictive measures on individuals, or the fear of punishment for the abuse of alcohol and possible crimes resulting from it, have any impact on the use of alcohol.
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From page 127... ...
What public spirit is out there that makes it easy or attractive to pass repressive measures -- which, after all, will turn out to cost a great deal of money in the form of jail capacity and required treatment? MARILYN GOLDWATER, Maryland House of Delegates In today's climate in state legislatures, at least in the Maryland legislature, it is politically easier to pass legislation that deals with punitive aspects of problems than to pass legislation that deals with education or, particularly when you have tight budgets, provides funds for the type of programs that educate people and change public attitudes.
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From page 128... ...
We are simply not able to speak clearly on the directions in which we should move forward, particularly in the face of some rather grim research on some historic prevention efforts. MARK MOORE, Harvard University When we take official, government-sponsored, authorized action with budgets and laws attached to it, there is a special need for simplicity, and maybe it comes out a little punitive because that fits with what people think the government is capable of doing.
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From page 129... ...
Data charts I have seen recently from a longitudinal study at Rutgers showed that below age 18 (the legal drinking age when this study cohort reached 18) , the bardrinking column was empty; above that age, the bar-drinking column had big numbers in it.
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From page 130... ...
I have been a bit concerned with the extent to which we may apply rather simplistic explanations to the apparent rise in problems due to the change in drinking age, without taking into account about six other things that were happening in society at the same time, such as the generalized increase in consumption of alcohol, the increase in use of a whole variety of substances by younger people, the enormous increase in the number of vehicles licensed to and driven by younger people, and several others. PHILIP COOK, Duke University A general social science research principle that is relevant here is that you have to actually try something to know whether it works the way you expect it to.
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From page 131... ...
that had a drinking age of less than 21 for some or all alcoholic beverages. These recommendations were made in July 1982, and support for them has come from across the board: the highway safety community, parents' groups, police groups, medical and insurance groups, the Bartenders Union, the President, the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
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From page 132... ...
We should try to reach these people with education and rehabilitation before the police get to them; we wind up with them in family fights, child-battering incidents, accidents, and murders, as well as driving while intoxicated. MARK MOORE, Harvard University It seems to me that these two instruments are not separate.
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From page 133... ...
The Bible is probably the most-read book in the United States, but next -- at least in California -- is the official driver's license handbook. The California Driver's Handbook has two full pages about punitive sanctions on drunk driving but nothing on how much alcohol it takes to achieve a blood alcohol content (BAC)
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From page 134... ...
Young people are involved in ballet, in art, in music, in many things outside of "dedicated partying" of the sort that Keith Schuchard described. MARK MOORE, Harvard University I would take issue with the suggestion that the out-of-control teenage party leading to violence or injury is "typical." The problem is that it is not typical; it is an extreme event that happens in circumstances that
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From page 135... ...
The dilemma for us is that there are a lot of activities that sometimes, probabilistically, produce bad consequences, but mostly do not, and yet these probabilities call on us to exercise substantial managerial effort. KEITH SCHUCHARD, Parental Resource Institute for Drug Education Unfortunately, these cases are not as isolated as we might like to think.
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From page 136... ...
If the test results did not come back the way the parents wanted them to, they faced the choice, "If I communicate the results of this test, my child will be expelled from school; if I do not tell them, my child may not learn a lesson." What is the doctor's liability? In the situation that Keith Schuchard mentioned involving the ambulance driver, did that person have the authority to shut that party down?
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From page 137... ...
Despite the lack of any substantive evidence that these activities produce the desired result, we persist in these efforts because they are, indeed, popular. Given the magnitude of our community alcohol problems, it is evident that individually focused prevention efforts, even if proven effective, are unacceptably inefficient.
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From page 138... ...
Until recently, post-Prohibition prevention efforts had been largely directed at changing the drinker per se. In spite of this limited experience, we may expect tremendous expansion of community support during this decade of prevention efforts designed to reduce alcohol problems through direct alteration of the drinking environment.
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From page 139... ...
Third, recent prevention policy research has presented new options for community cooperation in reducing alcohol problems. As recently as three years ago the literature was essentially devoid of discussion of the impacts of minimum age restrictions, media portrayal of alcohol consumption, beverage labeling, excise tax levels, bartender liability and training, and other similar policy issues.
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From page 140... ...
Ultimately, action initiated within the community is the action most likely to seize the community agenda and provide the opportunity for successful community cooperation to reduce alcohol problems. Too often, however, these opportunities are lost.
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From page 141... ...
In fact, unless staff can relate on a personal level to the problem identified, whether it be loss of business, property, family, health, or comfort, staff involvement in problem resolution is likely to require both explanation and justification. Whether it is the common experience of concerned parents, aroused neighbors, or victims of drunk drivers, it is this common anger or frustration that provides the initial fuel for community cooperation to reduce alcohol problems.
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From page 142... ...
Principles for Success There are at least six principles that when followed promote successful community cooperation to reduce alcohol problems. First, groups must listen to each other.
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From page 143... ...
Merchants often blame street drinking problems on lack of police action, while failing to recognize that the police do not distribute and sell alcoholic beverages. Placing blame is counterproductive and must be replaced with acceptance of mutual responsibility if a successful coalition is to be sustained.
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From page 144... ...
Even as one prevention plan is implemented, new problems emerge in a complex drinking society, with new underlying assumptions, providing additional challenges and opportunities. Prospects In this era community cooperation to reduce alcohol problems is still a relatively rare phenomenon.
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From page 145... ...
The program combined awareness-raising mass media approaches, small group educational efforts and community-supported special efforts, and behavioral regulations to effect changes. Program planning and evaluation tasks were guided by the PRECEDE health education model developed by Green and associates (1980)
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From page 146... ...
By 1979, after the legal drinking age had been raised from 18 to 20, concerns focused more heavily on minor accidental injuries, emotional problems, underage drinking on and off campus, and increased arrests for DWI and PC. (While dorm damage actually increased, DAEP studies had shown that much of it was not directly attributable to alcohol use.)
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From page 147... ...
The result was a more general focus on drinking problems and the pursuit of federal funding for a campus alcohol abuse prevention project. In 1975, the receipt of federal funding led to an extensive effort to prevent alcohol problems by the use of peer education methods, mass media and public education efforts, intensive educational workshops for students, and active involvement of community groups and agencies.
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From page 148... ...
However, the needs often could not be adequately addressed until relevant individuals or groups in the community became sufficiently concerned to help effect necessary changes. Also, many of the resultant changes might not have occurred if alcohol program personnel had not been alert and available to guide naturally occurring interests and events in a constructive direction (e.g., the 1977 conflict between students and staff over dormitory parties and the 1981 highway fatalities, which initially threatened to place the town and the university against each other)
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From page 149... ...
and at the individual agency level (e.g., bartender training at the oncampus pub)
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From page 150... ...
Program efforts also attracted the attention of a slightly higher proportion of the "at risk" population than other students, namely heavier drinkers, younger students, and students living on campus. However, no significant decrease in drinking behaviors or adverse consequences were noted among a random sample of students during DAEP.
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From page 151... ...
4. Combined Approaches: Methods of changing drinking behaviors should combine mass media approaches to focus attention and mobilize support with in-depth education of significant groups and individuals regarding the prevention of specific alcohol problems and enforcement of reasonable regulations.
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From page 152... ...
6. Treatment Sources: Prevention efforts must be built on adequate treatment resources for people with drinking problems.
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From page 153... ...
In fact, a combination of education and regulation proved to be the most effective way to produce community-level changes at the University of Massachusetts. COMMENTS ON COMMUNITY COOPERATION AND KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION FRIEDNER WITTMAN, Medical Research Institute of San Francisco James Mosher, Lawrence Wallack, and I have developed a Community Substance Abuse Assistance Program in the San Francisco Bay area for the kind of community organizing that Mr.
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From page 154... ...
CATHERINE ANDERSON, Metropolitan Pittsburgh Public Broadcasting I would like to note how a major outreach campaign began in public broadcasting to fight teenage drug and alcohol abuse. In May 1981, WQED-TV in Pittsburgh launched a major campaign in western Pennsylvania.
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From page 155... ...
A poor black community organized around the ready accessibility of package sales, because they did their drinking at home; you could not go anywhere in that community without seeing ready access to alcoholic beverages. In a skid row area, too, I
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From page 156... ...
The number of cross-cultural and demographic studies in the area of alcohol abuse in our society is pitifully small. When you try to focus a specific intervention, when you look at a specific type of problem, you often do not have the data to apply to that specific instance.
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From page 157... ...
In the case of alcohol, quite a number of studies, in addition to common sense, would suggest that we should stop making alcohol ever more available in the many ways it becomes more available -- increased per capita number of outlets, letting the price drop as the cost of living increases, lowering the drinking age, making it permissible to drink in places other than licensed premises or at home (camping sites and so forth) -- all these "liberalization" measures.
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From page 158... ...
It would be helpful to get that information to the state legislatures. When we were considering raising the drinking age in New York (which we did in 1982)
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From page 159... ...
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has a national clearinghouse full of information relevant to programs and the evaluation of programs. The National Institute on Drug Abuse has a clearinghouse on programs that they have developed over the years.
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From page 160... ...
The costs are far-reaching and a little frightening. LORAN ARCHER, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism A number of studies on the costs of alcoholism in terms of mental and physical health care have shown them to be quite substantial.
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From page 161... ...
COMMUNITY COOPERATION 161 MARILYN GOLDWATER, Maryland House of Delegates I think it is clear that a body of knowledge exists, and a more effective mechanism to gather all that knowledge and disseminate it to policy makers and other individuals who need it should be developed. The climate is now right, and we ought to take advantage of it.
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From page 162... ...
Bottom Line 1978 Taking another look at liquor advertising. Bottom Line 2(Fall)
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From page 163... ...
Christian Science Monitor 67(162)
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From page 164... ...
Angle, eds., Health Promotion and the Mass Media. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
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From page 165... ...
Nirenberg, eds., Prevention of Alcohol Abuse: Current Issues and Future Directions. New York: Plenum.
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From page 166... ...
1979a The DUI Project: Description of an Experimental Program to Address Drunk Driving Problems Conducted by the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control. Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control.
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From page 167... ...
1983 Societal costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: An updating.
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From page 168... ...
Wallack, L 1981 Mass media campaigns: The odds against finding behavior change.
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From page 169... ...
1976 Drug education and the content of mass media dealing with "dangerous drugs" and alcohol.
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From page 171... ...
BOSWELL, School on Alcohol and Other Drug Dependencies, University of Utah SISTER MADELEINE BOYD, SND, Shalom Inc., Philadelphia EDWARD BRECHER, West Cornwall, Connecticut PETER BROCK, Johnson Institute, Minneapolis WILLIAM BUTYNSKI, National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors, Washington, D.C. THEA CHALOW, WGBH-TV Public Broadcasting, Boston STANLEY COHEN, Washington Bureau, Advertising Age PHILIP COOK, Institute of Policy Sciences and Public Affairs, Duke University CHARLES CRAWFORD, Ernest and Julio Gallo Winery, Modesto, California 171
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From page 172... ...
KUNEC, Mothers Against Drunk Drivers, Northern Virginia MILDRED LEHMAN, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services JAY LEWIS, Public Policy Office, National Council on Alcoholism, Washington, D.C.
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From page 173... ...
MOSHER, Prevention Research Group, Medical Research Institute of San Francisco WALTER MURPHY, National Council on Alcoholism, New York FRANK PADAVAN, New York State Senate JANE SMITH PATTERSON, Department of Administration, State of North Carolina LORNE PHILLIPS, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services, State Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services, Topeka FRANK RAFLO, Board of Supervisors, County of Loudoun, Virginia ROBERT REYNOLDS, Department of Health Services-Alcohol Program, County of San Diego ROBERT A Ross, Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, State of New York PATRICIA SCHNEIDER, Wine Institute, San Francisco KEITH SCHUCHARD, Parental Resource Institute for Drug Education, Atlanta SHARMAN STEVENS, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S.
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From page 174... ...
Senate JEFFREY WYNNE, Department of Health Services-Alcohol Program, County of San Diego NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM LORAN ARCHER, Deputy Director FRAN COTTER, Office of Policy Analysis SUSAN FARRELL, Office of Policy Analysis JUDI FUNKHOUSER, Prevention Branch BRENDA HEWITT, Special Assistant to the Director STEVEN LONG, Financial Management and Budget Office BARBARA LUBRAN, Planning Branch JOHN NOBLE, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology ALBERT PAWLOWSKI, National Centers Branch GIAN C SALMOIRAGHI, Office of Scientific Affairs LEE TOWLE, International and Intergovernmental Affairs JEANNE TRUMBLE, The Secretary's Initiative on Teenage Alcohol Abuse JOAN WHITE, Office of Policy Analysis
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