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Telecommunications Research in the United States and Selected Foreign Countries: a Preliminary Survey. Report to the National Science Foundation (1973) / Chapter Skim
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PROCESSING AND STORAGE
Pages 200-210

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From page 200...
... Furthermore, if the manufacturer intends to produce better and better computers in the future, the more switches and possibilities provided to the user, the harder it is to guarantee that the next computer in the series can still do the job of the present one, especially if the old "instruction set" which says which switch does what is to be retained. Users who have invested major amounts of time and money in figuring out elaborate sequences of switch positions ("software")
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From page 201...
... ; a typical example is a simulation of aircraft performance using actual aircraft hardware as part of the computer-assisted setup. There is also the alternate possibility of the user physically modifying the manufacturer's hardware (architecture)
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From page 202...
... In practice, hardware details can still cause trouble, particularly if the host and the target computers are quite dissimilar at the hardware level; thus, if one replaces his own computer by a new model, the fixed memory controls developed for the first computer are unlikely to be directly applicable to the new model. Typical problems that arise are those involving system synchronization, time delays, word length, techniques for handling data overflow or discard, etc.
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From page 203...
... Supplemental research funding by the NSF would appear unnecessary. On the other hand., a close watch on this field by the Department of Commerce should be encouraged since the United States has no monopoly on inexpensive solid state technology,or on the mathematics of computer design and use.
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From page 204...
... A boundary occurs when the sound amplitude drops to zero, or near zero, and the transition takes place from voiced to unvoiced sounds. In general, the vowels constitute the voiced sounds, and the consonants, the unvoiced sounds.
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From page 205...
... At the present state of the art, the applications must be restricted to limited vocabularies and cooperative speakers. If the speaking rate is 90 words per minute, the bandwidth required for the transmission of speech employing l0,000 words is depicted in Table II.
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From page 206...
... The data of Table II is for a signal to noise ratio of 30 dB. The data of Table II represents only the recognition aspect of speech and does not include accent, inflection, tone, etc., and artistic properties of speech which would increase the bit rate.
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From page 207...
... 207 PROCESS FOR RECOGNITION OF SPEECH SOUNDS ( Amplitude pauses The main features, characteristics and processing required for the recognition of speech sounds Segmentation Normalization Envelope Spectral Distribution Amplitude Distribution Time Quantization Data Reduction (Voiced-unvoiced-voiced Unvoiced-voiced-unvoiced / Amplitude / Absolute Relative Time -- no change Growth Duration-steady state Decay Bilateral unbalance Absolute Relative Pattern Absolute Relative ( Absolute \ Relative I Epochs ( Frequency < Amplitude I Time Compilation Manipulation Logic applications Programming Table I
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From page 208...
... elements required second second in Hertz Words 10,000 1.5 21 2.1 Syllables 1,400 2.5 27 2.7 Syblets 800 3.0 30 3.0 Phonemes 40 6.0 36 3.6 Table II
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From page 209...
... Very intelligible speech can be obtained from vocal tract analog systems. The spectrum reconstruction speech synthesizer, as the term implies, constructs the spectrum of the original speech from a code input obtained from the analysis of the original speech.
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From page 210...
... Olson RCA Princeton, N.J.
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Key Terms

  • speech sounds
  • speech analysis
  • speech synthesizer
  • vocal tract
  • original speech

  • plug boards
  • track selector
  • external wiring
  • spectrum reconstruction
  • data reduction

  • spectral distribution
  • switch positions
  • speech transmission
  • produce speech
  • providing speech

  • speech input
  • reconstruction speech
  • recognize speech
  • intelligible speech
  • purpose equipment

  • solid state
  • simplest computer
  • source connected
  • changing switch
  • foregoing discussion

  • cooperative speaker
  • generators coupled
  • mental parameters
  • change computer
  • input bits


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