Women Scientists in Industry and Government How Much Progress in the 1970's?: an Interim Report to the Office of Science and Technology Policy (1980) / Chapter Skim
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DOCTORAL WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN INDUSTRY
DOCTORAL WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN INDUSTRY
Pages 7-24
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From page 7... ...
The data are derived from the National Research Council's 1973 and 1977 surveys of doctorate recipients (see box on page 3)
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o LJJ £T LU cr o o o Q o o o cr LU Q 20 10 Social Sciences Physical Sciences Engineering 1971 1977 1973 1975 YEAR OF DOCTORATE SOURCE: Survey of Earned Doctorates, National Research Council Employment Trends A quarter of all male scientists and engineers with the Ph.D.
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From page 9... ...
Earned doctorate 1-2 years prior to employment survey. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council Utilization by Field All companies that have federal contracts are required to submit annual reports to the Department of Labor on their affirmative action programs.
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From page 10... ...
labor force Field All fields 61,500 1,700 31 10Z Engineering, math & physical sciences 49.100 900 2 4 Mathematics 1,100 50 4 7 Computer sciences 2,900 100 3 7 Physics 3,900 80 2 2 Chemistry 17,100 500 3 6 Earth sciences 2,800 70 2 4 Engineering 21,300 100 1 1 Life sciences 8.500 400 5 13 Agricultural sciences 2,600 20 1 2 Medical sciences 2,400 100 4 13 Biological sciences 3,500 280 8 16 Behavioral & social sciences 3.900 400 9 18 Psychology 1,800 200 ii 23 Social sciences 2,100 200 8 14 SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council Profile by Industry Overall, industrial R&D personnel who hold science and engineering doctorates increased by an estimated 8,900 in four years from 37,200 in 1973 to 46,100 in 1979. Women represented six percent of the net increase.
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From page 11... ...
2Standard Industrial Classification. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council Women Managers Before examining salary differentials between men and women, it is important to consider possible differences in types of positions held.
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From page 12... ...
. TABLE 1.4 Percent of doctoral scientists and engineers in industry whose primary work activity is management, 1973 and 1977 Men Women Z Managers 1973 1977 40.3 37.2 20.0 18.1 SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council 12
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From page 13... ...
, and physical sciences Men Women Life sciences Men Women Behavioral and social sciences Men Women fields Men Women Total 59,844 1,692 48,198 910 8,126 413 3,520 369 Total reporting activity 59,038 1,657 47,705 893 7,954 411 3,379 353 Management of R&D 27.
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From page 14... ...
MOTE: Estimated sampling errors are given in parentheses. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council Salaries3 Median industry salaries for men and women scientists and engineers differed by nearly 20 percent as of 1977.
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NOTE: Only those full-time employed are included. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council 15
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NOTE: Only those full-time employed are included. SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council 16
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From page 17... ...
In this analysis, the life sciences and behavioral and social sciences are not shown separately due to the small number of women on which the salary estimates would be based. Women engaged in performance of R&D (i.e., basic research, applied research, and development)
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From page 18... ...
SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council Educational background of women in industry Across all fields, similar proportions of men and women in industry had earned doctorates from prestigious departments. In both the EMP fields (engineering, mathematics, and physical sciences)
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From page 19... ...
256 19 315 3 108 20 112 15 Z 6.1 5.0 11.3 6.0 2.8 2.2 2.5 1.0 1976 Ho. 283 26 307 6 107 28 97 18 X 7.3 6.6 11.7 11.8 2.8 3.0 2.1 1.1 SOURCE: Commission on Human Resources, National Research Council, Surrmary Report, Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities, 1972-1976 reports in the series.
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From page 20... ...
. 6Commission on Human Resources, National Research Council, Summary Report., Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities, 1970-1976 reports in the series (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences)
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. Men Women Total planning employment in industry Have definite Job Still seeking Total planning employment in industry Have definite Still job seeking Total 16,551 79% 21% 619 SOURCE: Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Research Council 72X 28% Field Engineering, mathematics and physical sciences 13,691 79 21 300 74 26 Life sciences 1,794 77 23 98 52 48 Behavioral & social sci.
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From page 22... ...
There are thus a number of important indications that despite affirmative action requirements which now go back nearly ten years, male scientists are hired earlier and paid more. The differences become most marked in the life sciences, where the pool of doctoral women is relatively large.
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From page 23... ...
The sex differences in hiring rates and salaries which persist suggest that affirmative action mandates are not enforced at professional levels in industry, but a firm conclusion of this sort must await a more detailed study. The fact that women are such a small fraction of the doctoral work force in industry implies that they are widely scattered but does not preclude the possibility that they are concentrated in a few companies in certain specialized work functions which are typically lower-ranking and lower-salaried.
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