Recent Developments in Vision Research (1966) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pages 80-233
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 80... ...
Die Anderungen der Pupillenweite durch verschiedenfarbige Belichtung.
|
From page 81... ...
Bach, L Das Verhalten der Pupillen bei der Konvergenz und Akkomodation.
|
From page 82... ...
Behr, C Zur Physiologie und Pathologie des Lichtreflexes der Pupille.
|
From page 83... ...
E Pupil dilation and dark adaptation.
|
From page 84... ...
Die Synergie von Akkomodation und Pupillenreaktion. Pfliiger's Arch.
|
From page 85... ...
Untersuchungen iiber die Dynamik des Lichtreflexes der menschlichen Pupille.
|
From page 86... ...
Der Schwellenwert der Pupillenreaktion und seine Beziehungen zum Problem der pupillomotorischen Aufnahmeorgane .
|
From page 87... ...
Die Messung der Pupillengrosse und Zeitbestimmung der Lichtreaktion der Pupillen bei einzelnen Psychosen und Nervenkrankheiten. Jahrbiicher f.
|
From page 88... ...
Das Verhalten der Pupillen am Hund bei der Accomodation in der Na* he (Observation by A
|
From page 89... ...
Grundlagen, Methodtk und Bedeutung der Pupillenperimetrie fiir die Physiologie und Pathologie des Sehorgans.
|
From page 90... ...
Hess, C Untersuchungen iiber die Ausdehnung des pupillomotorisch wirksamen Bezirkes der Netzhaut und uber die pupillomotorischen Aufnahmeorgane.
|
From page 91... ...
H Beschreibung eines Apparates zur Untersuchung der Pupillen nebst Bemerkungen iiber einige Pupillenreaktionen.
|
From page 92... ...
Licht und Konvergenzmiosis, zwischen der Atropinund Eserinwirkung auf Iris und Ciliarmuskel, nebst Bemerkungen u'ber die Form der Pupille . Dissertation, Univer.
|
From page 93... ...
2. Experimentelle und theoretische Bestimmung der Beziehungen zwischen der Offnung der Pupille, der subjektiven Helligkeit und der Grosse der Lichtquellen.
|
From page 94... ...
Uber die Frage: Konvergenz- oder AkkomodationsVerengerung der Pupille bei der Naheinstellung?
|
From page 95... ...
K Area and brightness of stimulus related to the pupillary light reflex.
|
From page 96... ...
Das Verhalten der Pupillen bei der Konvergenz und Akkomodation. Dissertation, Univer.
|
From page 97... ...
R Some factors producing individual differences in dark adaptation.
|
From page 98... ...
Uber den Einfluss farbiger Lichter auf die Weite der Pupille. Pfluger's Arch.
|
From page 99... ...
Uber den Schwellenwert der Pupillenreaktion und die Ausdehnung des pupillomotorischen Bezirkes der Retina. Untersuchungen auf Grund einer neuen Methodik.
|
From page 100... ...
Ein neuer Apparat zum Studium der Physiologie und Pathologie des Pupillenreflexes (Peripupillometer)
|
From page 101... ...
Untersuchungen iiber die physiologische Pupillenweite.
|
From page 102... ...
Uber den Einfluss sinusformiger Leuchtdichtenanderungen auf die Pupillenweite. Pfluger's Arch.
|
From page 103... ...
Die Reaction der Pupille bei der Accomodation und der Convergenz und bei der Belichtung verschieden grosser Flachen der Retina mit einer constanten Lichtmenge.
|
From page 104... ...
Weve, H Zur Physiologie des Lichtreflexes der Pupille.
|
From page 105... ...
K Uber die Chronaxie des Lichtreflexes der Pupille.
|
From page 106... ...
To provide for this sensory aspect of fusion all movements of the two eyes must be executed and coordinated in the interest of maintaining single vision, and especially for fusion of the images of the fixation object. Eye movements made to preserve single vision are known as fusional movements.
|
From page 107... ...
However, if the separation is small the fusional movements under ordinary conditions are involuntary and compulsive, that is, can seldom be changed at will. Fixation point R.E.
|
From page 108... ...
Generally, there is reason to believe that, despite the fact that visual direction of the squinting eye is similar to that for the sighting eye, true fusional movements cannot usually be demonstrated. Finally, there are subjects whose ability to maintain binocular vision is very tenuous.
|
From page 109... ...
The phenomenon found in the individuals with strabismus is evidence that a functioning of the normal neuro-anatomical structures of the visual processes to the occipital cortex is a prerequisite for true fusion and fusional movements. To find a measure of the reflex compulsion for fusional eye movements, an attempt is usually made to force a change in the normal pointing of the eyes, that is, to force a change in the convergence of the eyes while keeping the stimulus to accommodation constant.
|
From page 110... ...
It can be said that the fusional movements of the two eyes provide bifoveal fixation on the object of interest. However, one must distinguish between bifoveal fixation brought about by the fusion reflex and the socalled fixation reflex, which is a monocular phenomenon.
|
From page 111... ...
The fusional movements associated with the vertical diplopia caused by the introduction of a vertical disparity by ophthalmic prisms placed base-down or baseup before an eye are thought to be purely reflex movements. Cyclofusional movements that occur naturally when objects fixated are inclined to the visual plane are thought to be reflex movements also.
|
From page 112... ...
Within the ranges of separation described here, one may say the images are fused in spite of the fact that, except for some one separation, the images must be disparate. In the horizontal meridian these disparate images can be not only the stimulus for stereoscopic depth perception but also potential stimuli for fusional movements.
|
From page 113... ...
Except in subjects with large oculomotor imbalances, the part of the total convergence change due to fusional movements may be quite small. This magnitude would vary among individuals.
|
From page 114... ...
6. Schematic illustration of how, under influence of convergent oculomotor imbalance, eyes will actually overconverge by a small angle, and yet images of target fixated will be seen single.
|
From page 115... ...
In a recent study, the angle of fixation disparity has been demonstrated and measured objectively. To measure subjectively the small angle of fixation disparity, it is necessary only to design an instrument so that one of the two nonius lines can be displaced laterally with respect to the other, until the subject reports that the two nonius lines appear in the same visual direction (Fig.
|
From page 116... ...
Of special interest are the studies that show the manner in which fixation disparity changes as the oculomotor imbalance between the two eyes is artificially changed by prisms or by ophthalmic lenses. In either case, the relationship between the accommodation and the convergence is altered with prisms by changing the stimulus to convergence (Fig.
|
From page 117... ...
introduced: to the right of the origin prisms base-out, which necessitates an increased convergence, and to the left of the origin prisms base-in, which necessitates a decreased convergence of the eyes if fusion is to be maintained. On the ordinate are plotted the measured angles of fixation disparity: above the origin for an overconvergence of the eyes, i.e., an esodisparity (crossed)
|
From page 118... ...
In the near graph, then, the equivalent phoria is about 13 prism diopters base-in -- an exophoria. The fixation disparity will also change when lenses are introduced before the eyes to alter the stimulus to accommodation, and thus to alter the accommodation-convergence relationship as shown in the central graph of Fig.
|
From page 119... ...
.^ 3.3 VD 13. Sets of data showing change in fixation disparity with both prisms and lenses, and derived graph giving relation between change in prism vergence and change in stimulus to accommodation.
|
From page 120... ...
the role of fusional convergence to overcome oculomotor imbalances; 7. finally, the phenomenon of fixation disparity used as a method of measuring, on the one hand, the degree .of oculomotor imbalance with fusion maintained, and, on the other hand, the strength of the innervations to the fusional processes to maintain sensory fusion.
|
From page 121... ...
N Fixation disparity and oculomotor imbalance.
|
From page 122... ...
When a person is exposed to linear acceleration with a change in direction of the resultant force relative to himself, he not only feels that he is being tilted, but he also perceives an apparent displacement of objects in the visual field which tend to accord with the new direction of the mass acceleration. The visual component has been termed the oculogravic illusion which has quite different characteristics from the oculogyral or Coriolis illusions.
|
From page 123... ...
In carrying out the experiments, an attempt was made to simulate the unusual force environments in the laboratory, but in the case of weightlessness it was necessary to go aloft. It was relatively easy to control vision and the visual environment, and it was possible to control the inputs from the semicircular canals and the otolith apparatus by the use of subjects who had lost the function of the canals and, probably, also of the otoliths.
|
From page 124... ...
is possible with this procedure. Normal subjects.
|
From page 127... ...
1, these labyrinthine-defective (L-D) subjects did not disclose the characteristic pattern found in normal subjects in most instances.
|
From page 128... ...
This could be accounted for either as a residuum of otolith function in certain of the L-D subjects, or as an effect of stimulation to extra-labyrinthine source(s) of tonic innervation to the extraocular muscles.
|
From page 129... ...
129 that, in the normal group of subjects, the 1/2 G curve falls somewhat short of the midway points between zero G and 1 G as might be predicted. The significance of this finding is not known.
|
From page 130... ...
Fig. 5- Time course of perception of horizontality for each of four sub jects in upright (broken line)
|
From page 132... ...
If this be the sole or primary cause of this phenomenon, L-D subjects without this compensatory eye movement would be expected to manifest little or no E-phenomenon. A recent study (unpublished)
|
From page 133... ...
by normal subjects. Single settings of luminous line .
|
From page 134... ...
A group of deaf subjects having complete functional loss of their semicircular canals but with unknown functional loss of the otolith organ was compared with a group of normal subjects in regard to the oculogravic illusion. In selecting naturally occurring experimental subjects with labyrinthine defects, the usual procedure is to screen a group of deaf persons, selecting those who also have lost the function of the semicircular canals.
|
From page 135... ...
8. Estimates of oculogravic illusion (OGI)
|
From page 136... ...
Tests carried out at 7.5 RPM. Based on overwhelming evidence, there can be little doubt that the so-called vestibular nystagmus is released by the action of the semicircular canals and, as in the examples cited above, is modified by the central nervous system.
|
From page 137... ...
F Counter rolling of the human eyes produced by head tilt with respect to gravity.
|
From page 139... ...
SOME RECENT ADVANCES IN INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCEDURES IN VISION RESEARCH Robert Boynton, Chairman
|
From page 141... ...
The fact that the visual percept fades out completely under some conditions of retinal image stabilization serves to emphasize that the visual receptors tend to respond to change in illumination level, rather than to steady levels as such. Such effects are most easily observed with low contrast objects (or very small test objects)
|
From page 142... ...
measurements of the quality of the retinal image.
|
From page 143... ...
Dr. Stark describes how such methods may be applied to the study of such biological servosystems as the pupillary control mechanism, and the system which controls eye movements.
|
From page 144... ...
144 VISUAL PSYCHOPHYSICS WITH ANIMALS Donald S Blough Department of Psychology Brown University The past few years have seen renewed interest in animal psychophysics.
|
From page 145... ...
Thresholds determined by this tracking me thod have yielded information on dark adaptation (Blough, 1956) , spectral sensitivity (Blough, 1957a; Blough & Schrier, 1963)
|
From page 146... ...
The absolute level of the difference limen -- somewhat higher than the values usually cited for human subjects -- has little meaning because it depends on experimental parameters . An adjustment method has also been used to study brightness perception and contrast in the pigeon.
|
From page 147... ...
S Dark adaptation in the pigeon.
|
From page 148... ...
M Scotopic spectral sensitivity in the rhesus monkey.
|
From page 149... ...
This paper is concerned with three recent uses of light reflected from the retina: experiments on the spectral reflectivity of the retina; studies of photopigments in vivo; and measurements of retinal image formation. Retinal Reflectivity The first of these experiments may be considered as analogous to the test tube study of the absorption spectrum of pigments, but is greatly complicated by the fact that the experiments are performed on the living eye.
|
From page 150... ...
In the case of rhodopsin, the difference spectrum does agree rather well with the psychophysically measured scotopic spectral sensitivity curves over most of the spectrum, except in the short wave lengths where the photoproduct absorbs. In extending the measurement of photopigments to the living eye, Rushton and Weale have followed somewhat different approaches.
|
From page 151... ...
represent the effects of lights of different intensities in the ratios indicated. The time course of bleaching and regeneration (solid circles)
|
From page 152... ...
. In general form it is like the rhodopsin curve, but, as expected, the time course is speeded up.
|
From page 153... ...
153 DouHe 0-J6 014 oiz 0 10 cos 006 0-0 f 00)
|
From page 154... ...
Almost all psychophysical spectral sensitivity curves are based on an equal response criterion. Thus, it is advantageous to use the same approach in collecting data which are to be compared with psychophysical data.
|
From page 155... ...
155 the case in which two or more photopigments are present greatly complicates matters. The partial bleaching technique can be used, but artifacts may be introduced if the photoproducts absorb significantly in the specral region of interest, since they would act in the same manner as other impurities.
|
From page 156... ...
The light, diffusely reflected from the retina, passes out of the optics of the eye and is imaged by them back in the target plane, but part of the light is reflected by a beam splitter Ml so that an image, T ", of the retinal image, is formed in the plane of L4. This is the image that is to be measured, but in order to make provisions for controlling effective pupil size, a relay system L4 and L5 (which contributes negligible degradation)
|
From page 157... ...
If a point instead of a line target had been used, one would get a similar radial distribution known as the "point spread function. " On re-imaging the light diffusely reflected from the retina, the retinal image can be considered as composed of an infinite .number of infinitesimally narrow lines which vary in intensity in accordance with the line spread function.
|
From page 158... ...
This procedure is not only simple but pays dividends in that it yields a sine-wave response curve, -characteristic of the optics, which allows one to deduce the light distribution of the retinal image for any target. The use of Fourier methods does not necessarily imply any special properties of the optics other than superposition as discussed in the preceding paragraph, but, in fact, the eye, like many other optical systems, may be considered as a low pass filter of spatial sinusoids.
|
From page 159... ...
The retinal image is considered as analogous to the temporal voltage variation observed at the output of the first filter, and the second image as analogous to the voltage variation observed at the output of the second filter. 1 The input pulse can be decomposed into a series of sine waves of varying frequency and amplitude, and the same can be done with the two later wave forms.
|
From page 160... ...
160 i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifirin :: Fig.
|
From page 161... ...
Pupil size varies in steps of 1 mm downward from 8 mm to 3 mm. These curves reveal the variation of performance of the eye with aperature, showing that imagery is best with moderate sized pupils (4-5 mm)
|
From page 162... ...
11. Reconstructed retinal images of 1.6' bright vertical-line target.
|
From page 163... ...
163 Fig.
|
From page 164... ...
The results, however, agree with the data which show that acuity is little effected by the spectral composition of the light when luminance is controlled. In the case of acuity, the spectral sensitivity
|
From page 165... ...
165 of the eye determines that the light derived from the center of the visual spectrum predominates. In the ophthalmoscopic studies, the spectral variation in the light source, eye media, retinal reflectivity, and photo multiplier response combine to produce similar selectivity.
|
From page 166... ...
166 annular pupils. Thus, double benefits might well be expected.
|
From page 167... ...
167 Fig.
|
From page 168... ...
168 Fig.
|
From page 169... ...
W The spectral sensitivity of the consensual light reflex.
|
From page 170... ...
W Light distribution in the image formed by the living human eye - J .
|
From page 171... ...
171 STABILIZED IMAGE TECHNIQUES Tom N Cornsweet Department of Psychology University of California There is a large amount of evidence, both physiological and psychophysical, to suggest that the human retina transmits information about changes.in retinal illumination very well, but transmits steady-state information poorly, if at all.
|
From page 172... ...
Note that the same involuntary eye movements produce much smaller changes in retinal illuminance on receptors near the edge of the blurred disk (from "c" to "d") , and the disk disappears.
|
From page 173... ...
The shadows cannot move with respect to the retina, and there are thus no corresponding changes in retinal illuminance after the first change when the field is turned on. However, if the shadows are made to move with respect to the retina they appear again, but disappear as soon as they stop moving.
|
From page 174... ...
. It is obvious that the extent of stabilization of an image depends on the extent to which the attachments to the eye follow eye movements.
|
From page 175... ...
Ten sec of arc is just 3 per cent of the median size of involuntary saccadic eye movements, and only one-half of 1 per cent of the 30 min of arc saccadic movements that occur occasionally during fixation. Further, if the eyeball changed its shape (because of muscular pulls or pulse pressure, for example)
|
From page 176... ...
(a) Distribution of retinal illuminance for bar 10 min of arc wide seen through 6 mm pupil.
|
From page 177... ...
A Device for Perfect Stabilization To study the processes that cause an image to disappear, and the other side of the coin -- processes that render an image visible, it would be highly desirable to have a device which produced patterns of retinal illuminance which are perfectly stabilized and are manipulatable. The only perfectly stabilized patterns currently available, the retinal blood vessel shadows and related entoptic phenomena (Maxwell's spot, Haidinger's brushes, etc.)
|
From page 178... ...
Such a small proportion of the light incident on the retina is actually reflected out of a human eye that quantal considerations become important. That is, a very large amount of light must be put into the eye in order that enough quanta come back out to yield precise information about the location of the retina.
|
From page 179... ...
Thus, it seems that the most promising approach to tracking of the human retina involves gathering light from a large region of the retina rather than from the image of a single point. If a section of the retina, say, for instance, the entire optic disk, were scanned at a very high rate, the intensity at each point could be reduced to easily achieved values, while excellent tracking could still be accomplished .
|
From page 180... ...
180 emission from the source at a particular angle is independent of that at other angles, the distribution at each point is independent of that at each other point, under the assumption stated.
|
From page 181... ...
6. The estimation problem Assume that the task is to follow the eye movements with a tracking machine so that the line is within a specified distance e of the center of the distribution a fraction (1-*
|
From page 182... ...
182 qo = TQS [(R1 + R2)
|
From page 183... ...
N- New techniques for the measurement of small eye movements.
|
From page 184... ...
C., & Ratliff, F Motions of the retinal image during fixation.
|
From page 185... ...
185 PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGICAL FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR EYE MUSCLES Lawrence Stark Neurology Section Electronic Systems Laboratory and Biology Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology A review of recent work on neurological control systems indicates that certain system-design properties seem to be relatively widespread, although individual systems may employ only one or two examples of such mechanisms. Stability of system performance may be provided by either adequate gain margin, or adequate phase margin, or both.
|
From page 186... ...
, rapid dark adaptation measured by means of a null pupil-response technique (Stark, 1962a) , and environmental clamping of the pupil (Stack, 1962b)
|
From page 187... ...
Neerlandica, 1962, 11, 235-239. Stark, L., & Young, L- Dependence of accuracy of eye movements on prediction.
|
From page 191... ...
The format has been organized to bring out the sites and modes of drug action on the visual apparatus; to assess the sensory input in electrophysiological terms; to discuss the drug effects on the extraocular muscles and on the accommodative-convergence mechanism; to relate these findings to psychophysical parameters, and to the more general topics of performance and behavior; and to point out the potentials, limitations, and blind spots requiring future examination. In the sixteen years since lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
|
From page 192... ...
Now, when the actual three-dimensional structure of protein molecules, as in the case of myoglobin, can actually be diagrammed, the concept of molecular site of drug action can rapidly pass the stage of theorizing. The work of Wilson on the nature of the site for anticholinesterase activity, and the
|
From page 193... ...
193 work of Belleau on the nature of the adrenergic receptor site deal with the bonding of functional groups of the sort that occur in known protein structures, and the day in which stoichiometric pharmacology reaches its ascendency may be very near, indeed. With pharmacology at the molecular level in this way, the unique advantage that the iris offered as a test object behind a transparent window is no longer as all-absorbing as it once was.
|
From page 194... ...
In particular, it has been shown that the pigment epithelium is concerned in the synthesis of visual purple. Vitamin A, liberated by the photolysis of rhodopsin, actually travels out of the rods into pigment epithelium cells.
|
From page 195... ...
. Of course, any chemical which kills retinal receptors will stop the accumulation of visual purple, but it seemed likely that the assay method was doing more than causing the death of rods: perhaps the diaminophenoxyalkane was affecting the visual purple cycle, possibly via the pigment epithelium.
|
From page 196... ...
2. ERG dark adaptation curves before (•)
|
From page 197... ...
If one is looking for a difference between pigment epithelium metabolism and the metabolism of other structures in the body, the visual purple cycle, with its unique use of vitamin A, springs instantly to mind. Of all the ill effects produced by phenothiazine retinopathy, the impairment of dark adaptation is most striking (Burian & Fletcher, 1958)
|
From page 198... ...
between electrodes. If eye movements are standard, observed p.d.
|
From page 199... ...
Upper R -- visual field. Upper L -- dark adaptation curves, showing progressive deterioration.
|
From page 200... ...
For example, in the investigation of the diaminophenoxyalkanes, Fojas and the author naturally gave larger doses than those mentioned above. When this is done, the ERG waveform changes considerably (Fig.
|
From page 201... ...
The dark adaptation curves in the figure extend over a small sensitivity range of only 3 log units. This implies that the light adaptation used was fairly weak, as was the case.
|
From page 202... ...
7) also increases and decreases in amplitude along the same time course, and the correspondence is so good that it is possible to state that alcohol has an effect on the receptors or on the inner nuclear layer.
|
From page 203... ...
Since all the stimuli needed to evoke ERG's were much more intense than those used in the psychophysical experiments, it is impossible to relate the b-wave to the subjective threshold, and only the correspondence of the time courses enables one to be sure this is the same phenomenon.
|
From page 204... ...
; in man it appears quite similar. During retinal illumination, some process builds up in the retina with apparently the same time course as retinal excitation itself, and has the property of suppressing the response to a subsequent stimulus.
|
From page 205... ...
When the stimulus ends, the potential gradually returns to its previous resting level. The action of light seems to be merely to change the receptor potential to a new level, from which it recovers exponentially with a time course which approximates the ERG suppression; the action of nembutal is to increase greatly the size of the change in receptor potential produced by any light stimulus, as can be seen in the fast sweeps of Fig.
|
From page 206... ...
10. "Receptor potentials" of mammalian retinas.
|
From page 207... ...
These observations, then, may not only explain an old and puzzling ERG phenomenon, but may aid in understanding the effects of drugs on vision. The most interesting point to notice is the progress made from the observation of an increased b-wave amplitude to an increased sensitivity and delayed recovery of a receptor potential.
|
From page 208... ...
Some observations on the relationship between the standing potential of the human eye and the bleaching and regeneration of visual purple.
|
From page 209... ...
209 Noell, W Studies on the electrophysiology and metabolism of vision.
|
From page 210... ...
Studies of the authors, however, tend to show that differences between eye muscles and limb muscles are quantitative rather than qualitative, and may be considered modifications related to the highly specialized nature of eye movements. This paper summarizes a series of experimental observations on the pharmacology of extraocular muscles in cat and dog, primarily addressed to the question of whether the postulated uniqueness of extraocular muscle actually exists and, if so, to what extent.
|
From page 211... ...
Nicotine was also tested. It was found that with close arterial injection as previously explained, strong contraction could be elicited from the extraocular muscle with the intracarotid injection of 1 cubic centimeter of nicotine in a 0.1 per cent solution of saline, and with one-half of this amount in the normal anterior tibial muscle.
|
From page 212... ...
Duke-Elder, W.S. New observations on the physiology of the extraocular muscles.
|
From page 213... ...
DISCUSSION on The Effects of Drugs on Vision
|
From page 215... ...
Barbiturates also interfere with disjunctive eye movements: vergence movements are appreciably reduced in speed and amplitude. Under the influence of barbiturates, the near point of convergence recedes, the distance phoria changes in the direction of esophoria, and the near phoria changes to exophoria.
|
From page 216... ...
Potts, Arden, and Breinin illustrate how drugs may be used as tools to explore the physiology and structural characteristics of the visual apparatus. The emphasis, however, has been on the peripheral organ -- the eye.
|
From page 217... ...
One phenothiazine (NP-207) , that happily did not reach the market, has caused impaired dark adaptation, loss of acuity, and retinal pigmentary degeneration (Apt, 1960)
|
From page 218... ...
Postdrug impairment of dark adaptation (Apt, 1960) , size constancy, depth perception, apparent motion, spiral after-effect and after-images (Costello, 1960a; 1960b; 1960c)
|
From page 219... ...
and dark adaptation after low and high doses of two hallucinogens, LSD-25 and JB-318.1 Control drugs were nonhallucinogenic analogues, Methysergide (UML) and JB-808.1 Fifteen subjects hallucinated after 75 micrograms (pg)
|
From page 220... ...
R Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)
|
From page 221... ...
M Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin: comparison of clinical syndromes, effects on color perception and biochemical measures.
|
From page 222... ...
E The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
|
From page 223... ...
mgm. of carcholin was administered to human subjects with a resultant lowering of dark adaptation threshold and improved dark adaptability corresponding to the dosage.
|
From page 224... ...
4. Mescaline and lysergic acid produced ".
|
From page 225... ...
L Effects of carcholin on dark adaptation and visual purple regeneration.
|
From page 226... ...
Dr . Breinin has emphasized the similarity in drug effects on the extraocular muscles and other skeletal muscles, and indicated the mode of action of drugs on the accommodative-convergence relationship.
|
From page 227... ...
More must be known about the specific drug alterations of neuronal conduction time, neuronal recovery time, synapse blocking, shuttling, myoneural junction, storage-resynthesis, etc. There is a unique opportunity to assess the retina as a plug of central nervous system tissue, with blood vessels and human responses attached.
|
From page 233... ...
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL is il private, nonprofit organization of scientists, dedicated to the furtherance of science and to its use for the general welfare. The Academy itself was established in 1863 under a Congressional charter signed by President Lincoln.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.