Radioactivity in the Marine Environment (1971) / Chapter Skim
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Pages 1-5
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In the 1950's, the number of nations testing nuclear devices, as well as the number of nuclear detonations, increased; the technology of radiation detection and measurement improved greatly; and public concern about fallout in both the terrestrial and marine environments grew. In 1956-1957, the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NASNRC)
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The principal sources of artificial radionuclides in the ocean are fallout from nuclear detonations, direct or indirect wastes from nuclear reactor operations, and wastes from medical, scientific, and industrial uses of radionuclides. Since the second nuclear test ban treaty in 1963, fallout has decreased markedly, and in recent years only small quantities of solid radioactive wastes have been disposed of in the sea by the United States.
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The list includes structural, catalytic and easily hydrolyzed elements, heavy halogens, and heavy divalent ionssome of unknown biological function-all reported to be present either in fallout from nuclear detonations or in effluent discharged into the sea from nuclear reactors or reactor fuel-processing plants. The most comprehensive table of concentration factors is given by Bowen, Olsen, Osterberg, and Rivera in Chapter 8, "Ecological Interactions of Marine Radioactivity," where the concentration factors for chemical elements are listed by trophic level and by plant and animal group.
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If the predicted radionuclide value is greater than the conservative value derived by the specific-activity approach, or if a more precise estimate of the probable dose is needed, then the critical-pathway approach should be used. The specific-activity approach was suggested by an ad hoc committee of the National Research Council as a method for regulating radioactive waste disposal off the Pacific coast of the United States at a time when disposal of radioactive wastes to the ocean was being considered (National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1962)
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REFERENCES National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council.
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