The Cost of Inaction for Young Children Globally Workshop Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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5 Inequality Among Children in Reaching Their Developmental Potential
5 Inequality Among Children in Reaching Their Developmental Potential
Pages 25-32
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From page 25... ...
Speakers discussed inequalities among children, along with potential opportunities to improve conditions for children worldwide, including a greater emphasis on empowering women. INEQUALITIES AND TWO GENERATION APPROACHES1 Mickey Chopra described the remarkable progress made around the world in reducing child mortality: child mortality levels have dropped from 12 million in 1990 to 6.6 million in 2012 (UNICEF, 2013a)
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From page 26... ...
Chopra indicated that the largest inequalities are in accessing services such as having a skilled birth attendant and access to antenatal care visits. Even universal interventions, such as iodized salt consumption, show important economic disparities where the rich have far greater access.
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From page 27... ...
Child malnutrition has been declining in India, but at a slow rate, 2 This section summarizes information presented by Ramanan Laxminarayan, Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy. 3 In 2012 the United Nations developed an inclusive wealth metric, which includes a full range of assets such as manufactured, human, and natural capital, to measure a nation's wealth and the sustainability of its growth (UNU-IHDP and UNEP, 2012)
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From page 28... ...
India spends significant resources on child development, efforts that pay off when implemented well, Laxminarayan explained. India's budget includes $10 billion in direct food subsidies; $6 billion in health spending; $3.2 billion in integrated child development services; $2 billion in midday meal programs; and $500 million in drinking water and sanitation.
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From page 29... ...
In a decomposition analysis, Eloundou-Enyegue then showed that global convergence across the regions has been driven exclusively by Asia's economic productivity, which overshadows factors such as population size and age structure. The lack of demographic convergence is a break from fostering convergence in the level of resources allocated per child, and according to Eloundou-Enyegue should be addressed.
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From page 30... ...
Within families, one factor of inequality is gender differences among children: girls are typically educated less than boys. Education data suggests that gender differences are converging worldwide, including in sub-Saharan Africa where these differences had often been the largest but were now converging at the primary and slightly at the secondary level (World Bank, 2014)
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From page 31... ...
Another way is to take advantage of capturing dividends and identify policy measures to capitalize on the shifts taking place. The rewards of lowering inequality for children are real -- several African countries in particular have the opportunity to move forward, if they invest more resources in cultivating children and monitor trends within families and how they cultivate children.
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