A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives (2014) / Chapter Skim
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7 Assessment of Ecotoxicity
7 Assessment of Ecotoxicity
Pages 81-92
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From page 81... ...
. The details behind the committee's often in hazard assessments are survival and framework concerning ecotoxicity assessment (Step reproduction, with growth included as a surrogate 6.2)
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From page 82... ...
82 A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives FIGURE 7-1 Committee's framework with the ecotoxicity assessment highlighted.
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From page 83... ...
occur on larger (often geological or meteorological) This Pollution Prevention Options Assessment spatial or temporal scales, such as global warming, System only characterizes chronic aquatic toxicity ozone depletion, depletion of resources, or effects for fish.
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From page 84... ...
. The system categorizes avian acute and ECOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT chronic toxicity, acute toxicity for wild mammals, The elements that the committee suggests for and toxicity for insect pollinators (see Table 7-2)
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From page 85... ...
Users of invertebrates and microbial function tests, and the committee's framework will need to exercise standard soils for comparative toxicity testing are professional judgment since cutoffs in classification well established. Higher order terrestrial organism tools could result in the assignment of alternatives to tests with plants and vertebrate animals are more different hazard categories (e.g., high vs.
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From page 86... ...
The distance of the slice Bioassays from the origin (i.e., the radius) represents the potency (i.e., the distance from the origin is Results of toxicity tests for aquatic, sediment, normalized to the maximum toxicity value; each and soil or terrestrial organisms form the basis of equivalent is divided by the maximum, and the most regulatory schemes for chemical registration resulting values are summed)
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From page 87... ...
Test OECD 212: Fish, Short-term Toxicity Test on Embryo and Sac-Fry Stages OECD 215: Fish, Juvenile Growth Test Fish OPPTS 850.1075 Fish acute toxicity test, freshwater and marine OPPTS 850.1085 Fish acute toxicity mitigated by humic acid OECD 204: Fish, Prolonged Toxicity Test: 14-Day Study OECD 230: 21-day Fish Assay Freshwater OECD 229: Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay OECD 234: Fish Sexual Development Test OPPTS 850.1500 Fish life cycle toxicity OPPTS 850.1010 Aquatic invertebrate acute toxicity, test, freshwater daphnids Invertebrate OECD 211: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test OPPTS 850.1300 Daphnid chronic toxicity test OECD 221: Lemna sp. Growth Inhibition Test Plants OPPTS 850.4400 - Aquatic Plant Toxicity Test Using Lemna spp OPPTS 850.4450 - Aquatic Plants Field Study OPPTS 850.1800 Tadpole/sediment subchronic toxicity test Amphibians OECD 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay Food web OPPTS 850.1900 Generic freshwater microcosm test, laboratory OECD 218: Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Sediment OECD 219: Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Water OECD 235: Chironomus sp., Acute Immobilisation Test Freshwater Invertebrates OECD 225: Sediment-Water Lumbriculus Toxicity Test Using Spiked sediments Sediment OECD 233: Sediment-Water Chironomid Life-Cycle Toxicity Test Using Spiked Water or Spiked Sediment OPPTS 850.1735 Whole sediment acute toxicity invertebrates OPPTS 850.1790 Chironomid sediment toxicity test OPPTS 850.1020 Gammarid acute toxicity test OPPTS 850.1025 Oyster acute toxicity test (shell deposition)
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From page 88... ...
This approach is especially useful for an alternatives assessment, where a comparison One strategy for filling data gaps for a chemical between two or more chemicals is required. This of concern or alternative is evaluating hazard data section describes the in silico models used most pertaining to one or more structurally similar commonly to fill such data gaps for ecotoxicology.
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From page 89... ...
products that might result in structurally similar chemicals, or common chemical classes or QSAR models provide estimates of a variety of categories. The potential advantage of the approach ecotoxicity end points on the basis of chemical is that it allows multiple chemicals to be assessed structure.
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From page 90... ...
done before widespread acceptance of the data for In summary, QSAR models that are developed predicting effects to aquatic organisms. diligently and in keeping with established criteria for In vitro toxicity tests being developed as part of robustness can provide accurate predictions of high throughput screening might also have ecotoxicity end points, if used astutely.
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From page 91... ...
study (in predictions, currently based solely on in vivo testing press) , only 1% of the compounds in the highest of three aquatic species (a fish, an invertebrate, and acute aquatic toxicity category (LC50 < 0.0067 an algae)
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From page 92... ...
. The identify chemicals of concern or those of no concern spectroscopic data are used to generate descriptors, for chronic aquatic toxicity (Voutchkova-Kostal et al.
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