Marine Aquaculture Opportunities for Growth (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Review of World Aquaculture
Appendix A: Review of World Aquaculture
Pages 206-231
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From page 206... ...
Together, all varieties of carp still account for approximately 4 million metric tons (mmt) , or more than one-quarter of the world's annual production of finfish cultured in fresh water.
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From page 207... ...
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From page 208... ...
These include gilthead sea bream, sea bass, and turbot in Europe; aiyu, flounder, puffer fish, red and black sea bream, and several other species in Japan; and the estuarine grouper in Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Together, annual production of the several marine finfish now in culture probably approaches 1 mmt, only about 20 percent of freshwater finfish culture.
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From page 209... ...
As in the case of shrimp farming in Asia, the Latin American industry is based on the collection of postlarvae from the wild, supplemented as necessary by hatchery production of young from wild-caught gravid females. Dependence on wild postlarvae or gravid females restricts the location of shrimp farms to coastal regions, where natural populations occur in abundance.
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From page 210... ...
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From page 211... ...
. TABLE A-5 Western Hemisphere Shrimp Production, 1991 Area in Production Production Yield Number of Number of Country (%)
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From page 212... ...
However, hatchery production of seed is costly; it may often be avoided by collecting natural seed or enhancing the natural set of seed by placing seed or spat collectors at strategic times and locations in the growing area. Shellfish larvae are, of course, most abundant where there are large populations of adult animals, as at major aquaculture sites, most of which may consequently collect their own seed without recourse to hatcheries.
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From page 213... ...
Scallop farms have now been started up in Peru, Chile, Canada, the United States, and China. Bivalve mollusk farming is, by far, the most successful form of marine animal culture; it is more than twice as productive as finfish and crustacean culture combined.
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From page 214... ...
were from marine aquaculture. TABLE A-6 Value of Aquaculture Production by Leading Countries, 1984-1987 (hundred U.S.
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From page 215... ...
Examples of marine animals under intensive culture are red sea bream, yellowtail, and Japanese flounder in Japan; sea bream, sea bass, and turbot in temperate European countries; European eel and salmon in northern Europe, Japan, North America, Chile, and New Zealand; and the banana prawn in Singapore, as well as the tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon' throughout Southeast Asia (Juario and Benitez, 1988; Gousset, 19901. Other species under investigation for intensive culture include cod, halibut, and dolphin (Tilseth, 19901.
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From page 216... ...
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Government has played a pivotal role in aquaculture development in many countries that have become world leaders in marine aquaculture, including Norway, Denmark, France, Canada, and Japan. For the most part, these groups are concerned with both fisheries and marine aquaculture, and much of the aquaculture development emanates from a fisheries management perspective.
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From page 217... ...
Principal species for culture include red sea bream (Pagrus major) , black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schelegi)
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From page 218... ...
Japan is also culturing coho salmon in net pens, chum salmon for ocean ranching, a species of Paralichthys flounders, red sea bream, and abalone. Seaweed culture is based on wild collection of spores, followed by laboratory culture of seedlings, with transfer of buds to string or nets and grow-out in coastal waters.
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From page 219... ...
. Rapid expansion in marine fish farming has accompanied improvements in larval rearing techniques and financial support from national governments as well as the European Community.
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From page 220... ...
Overall, aquaculture production in the EC is expected to reach 966,000 metric tons in 1995, a 15 percent increase over the 1989 levels. Canada The aquaculture industry in Canada grew in part because of a strong commitment by federal and provincial governments, and a history of success in fisheries export and marketing.
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From page 221... ...
Suspension culture will produce more than 25 times the yield per unit area than can be obtained with bottom culture (Aiken, 19901. An estimated 3,900 metric tons of oysters were produced in British Columbia in 1989 (Price Waterhouse Management Consultants, 1990~.
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Together these farms have a combined estimated capacity of 8,500 metric tons (Price Waterhouse Management Consultants, 1990~. Latin America The major aquaculture product in Latin America is shrimp.
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are viewed as encouraging to the prospects for development of the shrimp farming industry. INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS Issues of Concern Issues faced by other countries include: · pollution of coastal waters (particularly in Asia)
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From page 224... ...
Culture systems and practices have been used to overcome constraints to marine aquaculture in other countries. Following is a summary discussion of these issues and their applicability to similar problems in the United States: · Waste is being reduced by the development of methods to utilize properly the diets offered, to remove suspended solids efficiently, to incorporate water treatment and water reuse systems, and to collect waste for use as fertilizer.
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From page 225... ...
Regulations The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries administers the aquaculture lease program, which includes permits, licenses, and reviews. Aquaculture product licenses and permits include the aquaculture license from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, a municipal business license, a municipal sewage disposal permit, and a waste management permit.
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From page 226... ...
This remarkable growth is attributable to good water quality; low but ideal sea temperature owing to the Gulf Stream; sheltered, ice-free sites behind a myriad of coastal islands; innovative technology; and the development of new markets. Currently, about 750 fish farms in Norway provide direct employment to 6,OOO people, with another 9,000 jobs provided indirectly through educational services, research, and public administration.
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From page 227... ...
approach to agricultural research. In comparing the fish farming experiences of Norway and Canada, government financial assistance seems to be the common factor in assessing the success of aquaculture in these countries.
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In Scotland, water abstraction for fish farming is based principally on a common law right of riparian owners to use water in rivers and streams. Marine-based fish farms are almost without formal planning control procedures, but their operations normally require the consent of, and a lease from, the Crown Estate Commissioners (CEC)
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From page 229... ...
The EC also provides aid for the establishment, extension, and modernization of fish farms. Since 1978 the EC has assisted 125 projects in the United Kingdom at a total cost of 10 million pounds (mostly for salmon farms)
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From page 230... ...
1988. Perspectives in Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia and Japan.
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From page 231... ...
World Aquaculture 21~2~:76-80. Price Waterhouse Management Consultants.
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