India-United States Cooperation on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism Summary of a Workshop (2014) / Chapter Skim
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5 Emergency Management and Response: All-Hazards Approach
5 Emergency Management and Response: All-Hazards Approach
Pages 95-116
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From page 95... ...
Federal Emergency Management Agency. National Domestic Preparedness Consortium.
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The current framework for emergency support functions in the United States is laid out in the Presidential Policy Directive 8, the Stafford Act, and the National Preparedness Goal, and recently the emergency support functions have widened to include recovery support functions.2 The Asia-Pacific region also has the greatest rates of urbanization in the world, and some of the fastest rates of change are occurring in countries like China and India. Kim believes that cities should be units of analysis for studies related to emergency response because they are critical leverage points, and because cities allow one to maintain perspective better than if the unit of analysis was a large geographic area such as a country or the world.
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In urban areas like New York City, Lower Manhattan was flooded, basements were flooded, power systems were knocked out, and subway tunnels were flooded. On the coastal areas, the significant storm surge and flooding destroyed many buildings and structures.
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They are interested not only in average sea levels, but also in the increase during extreme events; therefore they have been examining the effects of recent flooding that is not related to storm surge or surf. Flooding occurred at Waikiki Beach in recent years and in the winter of 2013, which caused significant damage.
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Bentham's idea was that one could, by design, create an environment where the people are knowingly always observed, resulting in complete security and no privacy.12 Indian Experience during the 2013 Himalayan Tsunami Shri Vinay Kajla prefaced his remarks by stating that he is a member of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) , which handles security for India's 12 University College London.
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When combined, these operational challenges limited the effectiveness of the relief response. The response effort proved dangerous not only to those who were attempting to evacuate, but also to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
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, aand National Disaster Re esponse Force (NDRF)
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Indian Experience during Cyclone Phailin Kajla provided a brief presentation on improvements in disaster response as seen during the category 3 hurricane, Cyclone Phailin, that hit in October 2013.14 This hurricane was the second most powerful hurricane in Indian history after the Super Cyclone of 1999.15 Despite its force, only 25 casualties were reported as a result of Cyclone Phailin as compared to 9,894 casualties caused by the Super Cyclone.16 This success in the number of lives saved is attributable to the fact that the advanced evacuation plan took a large number of people out of harm's way, and those who remained were protected in cyclone shelters. Kajla noted that this is where technology aided the government's preparedness efforts.
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A workshop participant asked about the distinction between preparedness and response to terrorist incidents versus natural events. How does one make those distinctions and where is it useful to make those distinctions?
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A workshop participant noted that during and immediately after major disasters, space technology has a significant role to play, both in providing satellite imagery and in supporting communications for emergency terminals, satellite phones, and so on. In this context, one of the mechanisms for international collaboration that has been established over the years is the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters in which India and the United States are among 11 partner countries.
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A workshop participant asked: How can mobile devices and similar technologies, which tend to be in the hands of wealthier members of the population and not as readily available to other populations, benefit the whole community? Kim said that there is such rapid evolution in digital technology that it is very difficult to anticipate and predict all of the innovations that may be forthcoming.
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From page 106... ...
In most cities devastated in the Indian Ocean tsunami, people built their homes on the very same place, and the government is not stopping them. Kajla agreed that, typically, it is good to suggest that people rebuild in safer areas away from the water, but many will eventually return to their original location because they have no other place to go, there is a source of employment on the water, and they do not like to be far from their fishing boats.
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From page 107... ...
Personnel protection to support fighting forces and combat support systems are also necessary. To address the surveillance and reconnaissance challenges, Sekhar stated that India already has developed a capability like the unmanned Nishant aerial vehicle that can be deployed, the Netra UAV, and the quadrotor helicopter, which is now being used very extensively by police personnel for crowd control, and battlefield surveillance radar, which can be used very effectively to control infiltration.
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India is also working to develop moving-target indication to detect people moving under the foliage. This is a big challenge in India, especially if one looks at the central part of the country.
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Another technology is the optoelectronic-based eavesdropping system. With this technology, a laser beam is aimed at a suspected object like a window, and the voice inside modulates the laser beam, and the reflected beam provides an idea about the type of conversation.
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From page 110... ...
This was a serious issue during the Mumbai attacks because the armed forces, did not have the proper bulletproof jackets capable of giving them the required protection. With regard to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear emergencies, a nuclear-biological-chemical suit is essential.
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Developing Comprehensive Training for Future Explosives Experts Byron Gardner spoke about security at globally strategic facilities -- nuclear, chemical, energy, and liquid fuel -- and incidents that can have a significant impact on the national security of a country or on global security. The problem he said is that many of the security systems are not integrated and they do not work.
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From page 112... ...
Therefore, Gardner and his colleagues attempted to create a security program at Arizona State University and New Mexico State University, mainly based on good textbooks, but it failed because they did not incorporate the practical side of security requirements. Traditional industrial security solutions do not work for major energy facilities and their support elements, whether it is power generation, desalination, or liquid fuel transport.
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In this case, the vehicle barriers and the concertina wire are outside and the sensors are inside and if they go off, the terrorist is already running up to destroy the target. Still another common problem is that the security forces are deployed at the main gates, and their security commanders often say, it is impossible for terrorists to go over our fences because we have concertina wire.
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A utility company in California, Pacific Gas and Electric, will also participate in the program and provide training on industrial security planning and emergency preparedness. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
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They will also visit U.S. Coast Guard facilities and attend the American Society of Industrial Security conference.
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Also the people accepting these systems are not necessarily professionals in that area of security, and performance testing is a very complex issue. Therefore, if the person who makes a test plan is not familiar with performance testing, sometimes the system is less than functional because the person does not know how to test the entire system properly.
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