Industrialization of Biology A Roadmap to Accelerate the Advanced Manufacturing of Chemicals (2015) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction and Context
1 Introduction and Context
Pages 13-24
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From page 13... ...
The human use and improvement of biological processes is an ancient and vital contributor to human progress, from the earliest periods of domestication of crops and animals through the agricultural revolution to the contemporary world of life sciences. Until recently, however, it has remained an essentially empirical pursuit because of the seemingly impenetrable complexity of biological systems.
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From page 14... ...
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) first defined the bioeconomy as linking renewable biological resources and bioprocesses through industrial-scale biotechnologies and manufacturing to produce sustainable products, jobs, and income.12 In its 2012 National Bioeconomy Blueprint, the Obama Administration redefined the bioeconomy simply as "one based on the use of research and innovation in the biological sciences to create economic activity and public benefit."1 It went on to observe that the U.S.
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From page 15... ...
he world is shifting to an innovation economy and nobody does innovation better than America."14 Charge to the Committee and Interpretation of Scope At the request of the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Research Council appointed an ad hoc committee with a broad range of expertise to identify key technical milestones for chemical manufacturing through biological routes.
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From page 16... ...
Essential elements of the roadmap that the committee will consider in the study and in its report, include the following: • identification of the core scientific and technical challenges that must be overcome; • identification of and timeline for tools, measurement techniques, databases, and computational techniques needed to serve as the building blocks for esearch r and applications; • how to develop, share, and diffuse common interoperable standards, anguages, l and measurements; and • when and how to integrate nontechnological insights and societal concerns into the pursuit of the technical challenges. The report will provide guidance to both the research and research funding communities regarding key challenges, knowledge, tools, and systems needed to advance the science and engineering required for advanced manufacturing of chemicals using biological systems and to develop the workforce required to real ize these advances.
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From page 17... ...
Metabolic engineering encompasses the purposeful modification of metabolic, gene regulatory, and signaling networks to achieve enhanced production of desired chemicals. Synthetic biology is a newer discipline that seeks to deliver greater speed, cost-effectiveness, and predictability to the design of biological systems.
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From page 18... ...
As a way to frame the discussions throughout this report, Figure 1-1 provides a conceptual framework for the chemical manufacturing process, including both biological and traditional chemical routes to chemical transformations. At its most basic level, the chemical manufacturing process has four basic waypoints.
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From page 19... ...
This report addresses technical and societal challenges relevant to each aspect of this figure, including rational design, selection and development of feedstocks, preprocessing and process design, and various methods of chemical transformation. In addition, the report discusses many of the external factors that affect the entire production process, including scalability, infrastructure, the environment, and even legal and business frameworks.
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From page 20... ...
Synthetic biology is therefore at the heart of the ongoing industrialization of biology. Synthetic biology takes advantage of the science of recombinant DNA and the ability to read, write, and edit the DNA of microorganisms, allowing the design and construction of new, more efficient metabolic pathways.
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From page 21... ...
. Governance involves deployment of a variety of policy tools by which an industry's behavior can be shaped, including education of industry actors, industry self-governance through standard setting, accreditation, government standard setting and regulation, public engagement and public scrutiny, tort liability, and other mechanisms for developing safety standards and controls.
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. chemistry, chemical engineering, and other critical fields; the development of new tools and methods; and the current economic success of chemicals produced through biological routes.
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From page 23... ...
This chapter discusses critical aspects of each of these major technical areas and provides specific recommendations for the rapid achievement of the roadmap goals and the necessity of viewing the roadmap and the process that generated it as an evergreen process. Chapter 5 distills the committee's analysis and assessment of both technical and nontechnical issues into a set of specific recommendations to stakeholders involved in the industrialization of biology.
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