Measuring Human Capabilities An Agenda for Basic Research on the Assessment of Individual and Group Performance Potential for Military Accession (2015) / Chapter Skim
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6 Hot Cognition: Defensive Reactivity, Emotional Regulation, and Performance under Stress
6 Hot Cognition: Defensive Reactivity, Emotional Regulation, and Performance under Stress
Pages 107-126
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From page 107... ...
This chapter considers three topics -- defensive reactivity, emotional regulation, and performance under stress -- that share a common theme of being concerned with one's ability to function well in situations that elicit strong emotions. Researchers have called this ability "hot cognition" (Abelson, 1963; Brand, 1987)
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From page 108... ...
contrasted hot versus cool executive function, with cool executive function referring to "conscious goal-directed problem solving" and hot executive function referring to motivated cognition. An older research tradition from an individual-differences perspective contributes to our current understanding of the moderating effects of emotions, particularly the effects of anxiety on performance (e.g., Humphreys and Revelle, 1984; Hembree, 1988; Byron and Khazanchi, 2011)
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From page 109... ...
There is as yet little research on the relationship between dispositional defensive reactivity and performance in enlisted military occupational spe 1 While it could be that individuals might be rated separately on fearfulness (high versus low) and boldness (high versus low)
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From page 110... ...
. A comprehensive empirical study of fearlessness surveys suggested three distinct categories of scales: social behavior scales, activity preference scales, and perceived experience scales (Kramer et al., 2012)
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, whereas fear can be an unproductive emotion across many situations ranging from the battlefield to the classroom. The committee also believes there is high potential for improved tests resulting from an exploration of both physiological measures and performance measures of defensive reactivity such as, but not limited to, the eye-blink startle measure.
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From page 112... ...
of survey versus performance measures, and would identify potential contextual factors (e.g., boldness in social versus affective versus workplace versus battlefield contexts) and evaluate their importance.
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. Emotional management may be related to the Big Five domain of Neuroticism (Diefendorff and Richard, 2003)
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Avoidant coping predicted both positive and negative feelings about school. Emotional intelligence and problem-focused coping have been proposed as inoculators against fatigue from the effort in showing compassion to others (Zeidner, 2013)
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measures various coping styles (problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping strategies) with survey-type questions.
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For example, emotion-regulation strategies include situation selection and modification (e.g., avoiding situations that might provoke negative emotions) ; attentional deployment, such as distraction or redirecting focus; reappraisal (reinterpreting an event, "when life gives you lemons, make lemonade")
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From page 117... ...
The literature on emotional intelligence (Wranik et al., 2007) posits emotion management or emotion regulation as one "branch" of emotional intelligence and treats it as a trait-like factor.
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From page 118... ...
. Performance under stress is clearly important in military selection because there are many situations in the workplace and battlefield that involve working under pressure, including time pressure, pressure in the context of someone evaluating a person's performance, or pressure in the context of danger or risk up to and including the high-level risk of death in combat operations.
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Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) has Assessment of Background and Life Experiences (White et al., 2001)
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Another is to have participants perform athletic tasks (e.g., golf putting, basketball free throws; soccer dribbling) under pressure (e.g., financial incentives, time pressure, audience pressure, or the pressure caused by self-monitoring of performance)
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From page 121... ...
RESEARCH RECOMMENDATION The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sci ences should support research to understand issues in the domain of hot cognition: A. Research should explore behavioral performance measures and also physiological measures of dispositional defensive reactivity, such as the eye-blink startle measure and other biological indica tors (biomarkers)
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. Emotional intelligence relates to well-being: Evidence from the situational judgment test of emotional management.
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. New paradigms for assessing emotional intelligence: Theory and data.
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Committee on Measuring Human Capabilities: Performance Potential of Individuals and Collectives. Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences.
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From page 125... ...
. Hot executive function: Emotion and the devel opment of cognitive control.
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