Computing the Future A Broader Agenda for Computer Science and Engineering (1992) / Chapter Skim
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7 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC CS&E
7 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC CS&E
Pages 217-238
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From page 217... ...
FEDERAL AGENCIES FUNDING COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING An overview of federal support for CS&E was provided in Chapter 1. A more detailed description of each major research-supporting agency is provided below.
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for academia taken from Federal Fundsfor Research and Development (Federal Obligations for Research to Universities and Colleges by Agency and Detailed Field of Science/Engineering: Fiscal Years 1969-1990) , Division of Science Resource Studies, National Science Foundation.
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, technology (including speech understanding, knowledge representation, embedded microsystems) , and applications (including image understanding, natural language processing, transportation planning)
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The ONR research program includes activities in software design and construction, distributed and parallel systems, database systems, AI and robotics, real-time computing, fault tolerance, high-performance computing, and secure computing. In the near future, ONR expects to focus on dependable multicomputer systems, mathematical logics for programming languages, case-based reasoning, massively parallel computing for the physical sciences, algorithmic structural complexity, and visual processing.
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Currently, the OSD (through the Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering) has begun to develop a software action plan to "develop and implement integrated technology and management plans to ensure more cost-effective software support."2 In conjunction with the management initiatives of this plan, the Software Technology Strategy is intended to reduce equivalent software lifecycle costs by a factor of two and to reduce software problem rates by a factor of ten by the year 2000, as well as to achieve new levels of mission capability.3 This strategy is based on five themes: software reuse, software reengineering to support already deployed systems, process support for software development, leverage of commercial technology for Defense Department needs, and the integration of artificial intelligence and software engineering technology.
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for all recipients and academia were taken from the corresponding sources cited in the caption for Figure 7.1.
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For example, elements of the FY 1993 High Performance Computing and Communications Program, discussed in Chapter 1, can be found in the Biological Sciences Directorate, for protein folding; the Engineering Directorate, for optical computing; and the Mathematical and Physical Sciences Directorate, for parallel algorithms for computational physics. Prior to the formation of the CISE Directorate, the case for fund ing CS&E research was argued not by computer scientists or engineers but by others without substantial background in CS&E.
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· The constant-dollar value of the median award dropped by about 20 percent between FY 1985 and FY 1990, a trend that has raised concern in the community, given the increasing costs of coin research. The CISE Directorate allocates a little under 10 percent of its budget to the development of institutional infrastructure to support experimental computer science and engineering ($19 million under the FY 1992 spending plan, out of a total CISE budget of $210.9 million)
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. NSF Supercomputer Centers The four NSF supercomputer centers provide academic and industrial users with powerful state-of-the-art computational capabilities.
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, the STC for Computer Graphics and Scientific Visualization (involving Brown University, the University of Utah, Cornell University, the University of North Carolina, and the California Institute of Technology and partially supported by DARPA, IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, and HewlettPackard as well as NSF) , and the STC for Parallel Computing (insrolving Rice University, the California Institute of Technology, Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory)
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. The first three areas support work in networked access, management of large scientific data sets, scientific visualization, massively parallel processing, development of very reliable, very complex software, and software producibility.
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, which includes work on programming languages, automated reasoning systems, distributed systems, machine architectures for scientific computation, algorithms for parallel computing, and management of scientific data. Future programs are likely to emphasize distributed and massively parallel computing, portable and scalable libraries, environments for computational science, security, visualization and imaging, and very large scientific databases.
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Basic data (in then-year dollars) for all recipients and academia were taken from the corresponding sources cited in the caption for Figure 7.1.
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A small fraction of the total NIH budget for biomedical research of about $6.5 billion per year supports computational tools for medical research, mostly for software development. Computer science-related activities supported by the NIH include imaging and virtual-reality projects, molecular modeling, high-speed computing, large-database technology, statistics, instrumentation, AI and expert systems for medicine, medical language systems, and simulation.
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Computer Science and Engineering Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Electrical Engineering Computer Engineering Computing Science Computer Science and Operations Research Mathematical and Computer Sciences Other titles Number of Departments 92 19 10 13 10 2 4 2 2 3 9 (1 each) NOTE: A total of 166 departments are represented, out of a total of 168 Ph.D.granting departments in the United States and Canada.
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; by the 1990-1991 academic year, these figures had increased to 137 departments with 2725 faculty members (or TABLE 7.2 Baccalaureate Origins of Doctorate Recipients in CS&E, by Carnegie Classification, 1989 Carnegie Classification Computer Science Computer Engineering Research Ia Research IIb + Doctorate GrantingC Comprehensived Liberal Artse Other Total with known classification Total Ph.D.s 43% 24% 19% 11% 3% 291 531 50% 26% 12% 5% 7% 42 117 aUniversity receives at least $33.5 million per year in federal money for R&D and awards at least 50 Ph.D.s per year (e.g., University of California at Berkeley)
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; good current examples include graphics and parallel computing. Research in computer graphics is very difficult today without the very fast graphics processors needed for three-dimensional displays, and experimental research parallel computing is impossible without access to parallel computers.
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Equipment capitalization is concentrated in a relatively few departments. In 1988, 20 institutions had about 58 percent of the dollar value of computer science research equipment held by a total of 147 institutions (including those 20~;~4 these figures do not include computer centers operated for the benefit of the entire institution.
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The ACM and the IEEE Computer Society are the leading professional societies for CS&E. For example, the dozen or so publications each of the ACM and the IEEE Computer Society are major channels for the archival storage of new results and at times provide the first public look at innovations in commercial computing technology.
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For example, the ACM sponsored the first major work on curricula in computer science, Curriculum 68, which had a major influence on the undergraduate curriculum in the many CS&E departments formed in the 1970s. More recently, the ACM and the IEEE Computer Society have worked together on curricular efforts, and they jointly created the Computer Science Accreditation Board, an organization that accredits undergraduate departments of computer science.
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is supported primarily by academic departments of CS&E that engage in research acti~rity, whether doctorate-granting or not, and engages the public policy process on their behalf. In addition to sponsoring the biannual Snowbird meetings of departmental chairs, the CRA is responsible for the annual Taulbee surveys of Ph.D.-granting departments.
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From page 238... ...
. Moreover, although the CISE budget provides for service functions to the entire science and engineering community as well as research support for the CS&E community (e.g., the NSF supercomputer centers and NSFNET)
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